Emerging Hydrogen Business Models

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Emerging Hydrogen Business Models
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• Emerging Techno-Commercially attractive Hydrogen
  Business Models - Hydrogen Generation, Hydrogen
  Storage, and Hydrogen Distribution.
• Hydrogen Generation
• Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) 
• Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) SMR is currently
  the most common method for large-scale hydrogen
  production, accounting for the majority of global
  hydrogen supply. It involves reacting natural gas
  (methane) with steam to produce hydrogen and
  carbon dioxide. SMR is a mature technology and
  has well-established infrastructure. However, it
  is associated with greenhouse gas emissions
  unless carbon capture and storage (CCS)
  technologies are employed.

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1. Natural Gas Reforming Methane is the primary
   component of natural gas, and it serves as the
   source of hydrogen in SMR. Methane molecules are
   broken down into hydrogen and carbon in a process
   known as reforming. This step is endothermic,
   meaning it requires energy input.
2. Water-Gas Shift Reaction After reforming, the
   produced hydrogen gas is further purified and
   adjusted for the desired hydrogen-to-carbon
   monoxide (H2/CO) ratio. This step may involve the
   water-gas shift reaction, where water vapor
   reacts with carbon monoxide to produce additional
   hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
3. Hydrogen Purification Hydrogen gas is separated
   and purified to remove impurities, such as carbon
   dioxide and carbon monoxide, which are unwanted
   byproducts.

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The carbon dioxide produced in the process is
released into the atmosphere, contributing to
greenhouse gas emissions. Methane, which is a
potent greenhouse gas itself, is also released
during natural gas production and
transportation. To address the greenhouse gas
emissions associated with SMR, carbon capture and
storage (CCS) technologies can be employed. CCS
involves capturing the carbon dioxide generated
during hydrogen production and storing it
underground or repurposing it for various
industrial applications. while SMR is a mature
and well-established technology for hydrogen
production, it produces carbon dioxide emissions,
which contribute to global warming. To make SMR
more environmentally sustainable, CCS
technologies are used to capture and store the
carbon dioxide emissions, reducing the
environmental impact of hydrogen production. In
the long term, efforts are also being made to
develop more sustainable hydrogen production
methods, such as green hydrogen production
through electrolysis using renewable energy
sources, to further reduce greenhouse gas
emissions associated with hydrogen
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• Electrolysis
•  Electrolysis is a promising method for hydrogen
  generation, particularly when powered by
  renewable energy sources. It involves using
  electricity to split water into hydrogen and
  oxygen. There are different types of
  electrolyzers, including alkaline, polymer
  electrolyte membrane (PEM), and solid oxide
  electrolysis cells (SOEC). Electrolysis offers
  the advantage of producing hydrogen without
  carbon emissions, making it suitable for clean
  hydrogen production. The costs of electrolyzers
  are gradually decreasing, making electrolysis
  more commercially attractive.
• There are several types of electrolyzers, each
  with its own characteristics and applications
• Alkaline Electrolysis (AE) Alkaline
  electrolyzers use an alkaline solution (usually
  potassium hydroxide) as the electrolyte. They
  have been used for several decades and are known
  for their reliability and efficiency.
• Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis
  PEM electrolyzers use a solid polymer membrane as
  the electrolyte, which conducts protons (H ions)
  but not electrons. They are compact, have fast
  response times, and can operate at relatively low
  temperatures (around 80C).

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Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) SOECs
operate at high temperatures (typically between
600-900C) and are capable of achieving high
efficiencies. They can be reversible, meaning
they can switch between electrolysis mode
(producing hydrogen) and fuel cell mode
(converting hydrogen back into electricity). The
advantages of electrolysis for hydrogen
generation include Zero Carbon Emissions
Electrolysis, especially when powered by
renewable energy sources like solar or wind,
produces hydrogen without any greenhouse gas
emissions. Flexibility and Grid Balancing
Electrolyzers can be used to store excess
electricity from renewable sources when demand is
low and then generate hydrogen when demand is
high.
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Decentralized Production Electrolyzers can be
deployed at various scales, from small
residential systems to large industrial
installations. This allows for decentralized
hydrogen production, reducing the need for
long-distance transportation. Compatibility with
Existing Infrastructure Hydrogen produced via
electrolysis can be integrated into existing
hydrogen infrastructure, making it easier to
adopt and distribute for various
applications. READ MORE- https//www.marketsandmar
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