Articulations and Movement Ch' 8

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Articulations and MovementCh. 8
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• Joints

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Articulations Classifications

• Define joint (include structural and function
  components)
• Factors determining movement
• Type of material in the joint
• Fibrous joint are immovable
• Cartilagenous joints are rigid and slightly
  movable
• Synovial joint freely movable
• joint cavity

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• Functional Classification
• Synarthroses
• immovable joints
• slightly movable joints
• Diarthroses (synovial joint)
• freely movable joints
• Structural Classification
• Fibrous joint
• Cartilaginous joint
• joint

Amphiarthoses
Synovial
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Fibrous Joints

• General Characteristics
• movement immovable to very slight give
• no joint cavities
• fibrous connection
  interdigitation
• Immobile
• Location sutures in cranium facial bones
• Synostrosis when two bone grow together

Sutures
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• Gomphoses fibrous connection insertion into
  alveolus
• Slight
• Location betw. teeth jaws
• ligamentous connection
• Slight give
• Location ligaments

Syndesmoses
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Cartilaginous Joints

• General Characteristics
• movement immovable to very slight give
• no joint cavities
• interposition of
  cartilage hyaline plate
• Immobile slight give
• Location epiphyseal plates sternum to rib

Synchondroses
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Symphyses

• connection by
  fibrocartilage pad
• Slight give to no give
• location symphysis between pubic bones
  adjacent vertebrae

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Synovial Joints

• General Characteristics
• fluid-filled cavity
• (synovial means joint fluid)
• freely movable
• numerous, subdivided by range of motion
• Monaxial permits movement in one plane elbow,
  ankle
• Biaxial permits movement in two planes ribs,
  wrist
• permits movement in three
  planes shoulder, hip

Triaxial
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• General Structure
• Articular Cartilage
• on end of bones
• Articular disks (menisci)
• knee temporomandibular joints

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
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• Articular (joint) Capsule
• continuous with periosteum
• outer layer fibrous capsule
• Dense irregular CT
• inner layer
• Vascularized membranous loose CT
• produces
• Joint (synovial) Cavity
• synovial fluid
• Serum (blood fluid) filtrate secretions from
  synovial cells

synovial membrane
synovial fluid
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• Reinforcing Ligaments band-like
• intrinsic - within the fibrous capsule
• extrinsic - outside of the capsule

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Bursae

• flattened, fibrous, fluid-filled
  sac
• cushion between structures
• tendon sheaths are bursa that extends along
  tendons
• What is Bursitis?
• What is a Bunion?

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Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial
Joints

• Major Factors
• Joint structure determines how much stability
• Ligaments and capsules unite bones and aid in
  stabilizing the joint
• Muscle tendon provide the greatest stabilization
  of the joint

Articular Surfaces
Ligaments
Muscle Tone
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Types of Synovial Joint Movement

• (plane) Joints - two opposed flat
  surfaces
• intercarpal, intertarsal

Gliding
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• Hinge Joints - convex cylinder to corresponding
  cavity
• cubital, genu

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• Video1 and video2

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• Pivot Joints - cylinder that rotates within a
  ring
• proximal radioulnar

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• Saddle Joints - two saddle-shaped surfaces are at
  right angles to each others
• carpometacarpal pollicis

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• Ball and Socket Joints - a ball into a socket
• coxal, humeral

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• Video1 and video 2

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• Ellipsoidal (condyloid) Joint - modified ball
  socket
• atlantooccipital, temporomandibular

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Joint Procedures Disorders

• What is Arthroscopy? video

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• What is Arthroplasty?

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• Arthritis video
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid
• MRI of knee

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Assignments

• Describe the structure of a synovial joint
  including the location and function of each
  structure.
• Compare and contrast osteoarthritis and
  rheumatoid arthritis regarding causes, structural
  and functional changes
• Describe how the articular surfaces, ligaments,
  and muscle tone affect the stability of synovial
  joints.

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Types of Movement

• Angular
• Flexion and Extension
• Hyperextension
• Plantar and Dorsiflexion
• Abduction and Adduction
• Circular
• Rotation
• Pronation and Supination
• Circumduction

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Flexion and Extension
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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
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Abduction and Adduction
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Rotation and Pronation and Supination
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Circumduction
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Special Movements

• Unique to only one or two joints
• Types
• Elevation and Depression
• Protraction and Retraction
• Opposition and Reposition
• Inversion and Eversion

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Elevation and Depression
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Protraction and Retraction
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Excursion
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Opposition and Reposition
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Inversion and Eversion
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• What would happen if a synovial membrane covered
  the articular cartilage?