Smallpox epidemics

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Smallpox epidemics

• Ramses V c.1000 bc on mummified
• remains of face believed to be smallpox
• Hispanola -Exposure to smallpox
• during early Spanish discovery
• exterminated all 2.5 million inhabitants.
• Extermination of the natives
• in N. and S. America, 1500s

Cortez meets the Aztecs
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Smallpox VirusHistorical Smallpox vaccines

• 5th century China - Dried and ground scabs from a
  case inhaled in the nostrils
• Early 1700s (1720s) Variolation, as proposed by
  Lady Mary Montagu
• Edward Jenner, 1796 The Father of
  Vaccination Cowpox virus used (vacca ?
  vaccination) The Jennerian approach
• Modern Vaccinia virus, a MLV vacccine

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Cowpox vaccinationCartoon from 1812
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PoxvirusesSmallpox vaccines

• Drypox strain
• Stockpiled
• low immunogenicity, originally vaccine rec -
  every 3 years
• Risks low risks of encephalitis, generalized
  infection, skin infection, unless immunosupressed
• MVA (Ankara) strain
• Even lower immunogenicity
• Used as a Pre-vx for at risk patients
• Experimental subunit vaccines
• Experimental Recombinant vaccines
• With IL-15 gene
• stimulates memory CD8 cells
• 1000X times more immunogenic

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Polio virus

• Egypt c1000 bc USA 1950

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Rabies

• Rabid dog SE Asia ?
• Rabid dog Los Angeles
• The Vampire Kiss!?

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Recent Progress with Disease and Viruses
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The Burden of Infectious Disease
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Some Vaccine Preventable Diseases