English in Psychology 1 :

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CHAPTER ONEPsychology and its Fields

• Key Words
• Psychology/Psychologist
• Introspection
• Mental processes
• Behaviorism
• Gestalt Psychology
• Psychoanalysis
• Cognitive Psychology

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The second verb used in ing form (line 8)

• They recorded and measured the results of their
  introspections ..., (and they used) using the
  same verbal instruction to each person who
  participated.

7
Deleting words or phrases in parallel structures
(line 13)

• For hundreds of years, philosophers had been
  reflecting on (the mind) and speculating about
  the mind.

8
The use of passive sentence and its structure
(line 20)

• He believed that introspection produced results
  which could never be proved or disproved.
• Object be Past Participle
• His idea was accepted.

9
Relating subject to its verb (line 30)

• It largely replaced Wundts introspectionism,
  (and it advocated that) advocating that human
  being should be regarded as complex animals

10
The use of colon to introduce new information
(line 34)

• ...Watson believed, that psychology could make
  any claims to being a science itself to emulate
  the natural, psychology must adopt its objective
  methods.

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Comprehension Review

• 1-The opening of the first psychology laboratory
  is the sign of the actual beginning of psychology
  as a discipline.

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Comprehension Review

• 2- The first psychologists studies their own
  thoughts, images and feelings, in order to know
  more about human mind.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- Introspection method was rejected mainly
  because it gave objective evidence.
• 4- According to behaviorists, the same objective
  method could be used to study man and animals.

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Comprehension Review

• 5- Today, all psychologists agree that scientific
  psychology is the study of human behavior.

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15
Vocabulary Review

• Gestalt psychologists advocated the idea that
  the whole of someones behavior is not the same
  as its part together.
• a. challenged b. supported
• c. marked d. analyzed

16
Vocabulary Review

• Behaviorists believed the only way to make
  psychology scientific was to emulate methods used
  in chemistry and physics.
• a. imitate b. relate
• c. assign d. retain

17
Vocabulary Review

• Observers who let their personal opinions
  influence their judgment or measurement are
  described as subjective.
• a. objective b. unbiased
• c. personal d. cognitive

18
Vocabulary Review

• He asked for some time to ------ on my suggestion
  before he accepted it.
• a. interpret b. reflect
• c. salivate d. associate

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Vocabulary Review

• Behavioral motives of which the individual is not
  aware are called ---------- motives.
• a. perceptible b. creditable
• c. prestigious d. unconscious

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Vocabulary Review

• A persons ----------- consists of those
  characteristics that shows his or her behavior.
• a. personality b. validity
• c. speculation d. prejudice

21
Vocabulary Review

• It is easier to create mental ------- for
  concrete stimuli rather than abstract ones.
• a. gestures b. images
• c. functions d. species

22
Vocabulary Review

• Psychiatrists, psychologists, and ----------all
  help people solve their psychological problems.
• a. psychoanalyze
• b. psychoanalysts
• c. psychoanalytic
• d. psychoanalyses

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Vocabulary Review

• The -------- of the patients personality showed
  that he was suffering from a serious mental
  problem.
• a. analysts b. analytical
• c. analysis d. analytic

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Vocabulary Review

• Studies show that subjects must have experience
  with the environment to be able to correctly
  ---------- the stimuli within it.
• a. perceptual b. perceptible
• c. perception d. perceive

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Chapter TwoThe Process Approach (Experimental
Psychology)

• Key Words
• Experimental Psychology
• Cognition/cognitive
• Physiological Processes
• Comparative Psychology
• Learning

26
The use of dash to introduce a list (line 1)

• This category itself divides into four main areas
  cognitive processes, physiological processes,
  comparative psychology, and learning and ...

27
Deletion of repeated words (line 14)

• ...how the functions of the nervous system and
  endocrine system are related to (behavior and
  mental processes) and influence behavior and
  mental processes.

28
Recognizing parts of speech from suffixes (line
19)

• conscious ness consciousness
• observe tion observation
• observe able observable
• implicit ly implicitly
• condition ed conditioned

29
The frequent use of passive structure in English
(line 25)

• The study of animal behavior was inspired by
  Darwins theory of evolution and it ...

30
The use of relative clause to modify the subject
(line 41)

• Social learning theorists, who share many of the
  basic principles of Conditioning Theory, ...

31
Comprehension Review

• 1- We can infer and observe our mental processes
  directly.
• 2- Physiological psychologists try to find what
  each part of the brain does.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- Comparative psychology and animal psychology
  have the same meaning.

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Comprehension Review

• 4- Learning processes make an important issue in
  social and developmental psychology.
• 5- Social learning theorists reject the basic
  principles of conditioning.

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34
Vocabulary Review

• A lot of knowledge can be attained by observing
  others verbal and non-verbal behavior.
• a. influenced b. encouraged
• c. spread d. reached

35
Vocabulary Review

• It could be inferred from her behavior that she
  had a mental problem.
• a. deduced b. attained
• c. reflected d. emulated

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Vocabulary Review

• Forgetting occurs when the learned material is
  not retained in memory.
• a. varied b. influenced
• c. stored d. compared

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Vocabulary Review

• Piagets theory of cognitive development had a
  great -------- on ideas about childrens mental
  processes.
• a. remedy b. prejudice
• c. temptation d. impact

38
Vocabulary Review

• Learning by modeling and learning by imitation
  are two synonyms for --------- learning.
• a. remedial b. functional
• c. observational d. conditional

39
Vocabulary Review

• Observing animals in their natural environment is
  the best way to -------- accurate
  information about their behavior.
• a. consult b. retain
• c. attain d. evolve

40
Vocabulary Review

• Forgetting takes place when for some reason brain
  is not able to -------- the learned material.
• a. retain b. confine
• c. reflect d. advocate

41
Vocabulary Review

• Darwin suggested that features of successive
  generations are changed through
  ------------processes.
• a. evolutionary b. inferential
• c. attainable d. implicit

42
Vocabulary Review

• A theory of forgetting says that loss of --------
  happens because the learned material is not used.
• a. permeation b. retention
• c. inspiration d. implication

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Vocabulary Review

• When an organism learns to respond in a
  particular way to a stimulus that previously did
  not produce the response, the --------
  process is complete.
• a. conditioning b. consultation
• c. diagnosis d. heredity

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Vocabulary Review

• Comparative psychologists may raise birds of
  different ----------in complete darkness and test
  what effect this could have on their ability to
  fly or gather food.
• a. genders b. species
• c. subdivisions d. observations

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Vocabulary Review

• Instead of asking their patients direct
  questions, psychiatrists may prefer to ---------
  ask for the information they needed.
• a. imply b. implicitly
• c. implicit d. implication

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Vocabulary Review

• Psychoanalysts use different techniques to
  ---------- their patients unconscious mind.
• a. impermeable b. permeation
• c. permeable d. permeate

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Vocabulary Review

• John Watson established a system for the study of
  behavior in which only the ------------ responses
  were studied.
• a. observable b. observer
• c. observe d. observation

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CHAPTER THREE The Person Approach

• Key Words
• Approach
• Developmental Psychology
• Abnormal Psychology
• Individual Differences
• Personality
• Intelligence
• Social Psychology

49
Two uses of the suffix ly (line 4)

• adjective ly adverb
• Quick ly quickly
• happy ly happily
• Noun ly adjective
• Order ly orderly
• man ly manly

50
Additional information after comma (line 8)

• Since changes in behavior occur rapidly in the
  early years of life, child psychology, the study
  of childrens behavior, ...

51
Shortened relative clause (line 18)

• The kinds of behavior (that are) found in
  disturbed children are frequently quite different
  from the behaviors (that are) found in disturbed
  adults, ...

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Comprehension Review

• 1-We can understand somebodys behavior better if
  we know its changes.
• 2- Developmental psychologists generally study
  age groups.
• 3- There are many similarities between adults
  and childrens psychological disorders.

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Comprehension Review

• 4- Those characteristics that dont last long are
  NOT considered a part of a persons personality.
• 5- According to some psychologists IQ tests are
  NOT valid.

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Comprehension Review

• 6- The term intelligence has a clear definition.
• 7- Our self-concept is completely the result of
  the way others treat us.

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Vocabulary Review

• His enduring mental disorder caused him to lose
  all his opportunities.
• a. serious b. clinical
• c. lasting d. active

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Vocabulary Review

• Anxiety and smoking are two of the underlying
  causes of heart attacks.
• a. basic b. genetic
• c. valid d. objective

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Vocabulary Review

• Quite frequently, an individual with a
  personality ---------- does not believe help is
  needed.
• a. endurance b. diagnosis
• c. progress d. disorder

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Vocabulary Review

• A set of characteristics ----------a persons
  personality.
• a. diagnose b. comprise
• c. recognize d. prescribe

59
Vocabulary Review

• Economics and politics are best studied together
  because the two subjects ----------.
• a. contrast b. overlap
• c. vary d. fluctuate

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Vocabulary Review

• The noise of traffic is a continual source of
  ----------.
• a. disturbance b. deviance
• c. contribution d. expression

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Vocabulary Review

• His strong determination helped him not to
  -------- from a normal life.
• a. disturb b. prejudice
• c. deviate d. progress

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Vocabulary Review

• One of the questions psychology tries to answer
  is whether behavior occurs because of
  ---------- or environment.
• a. nurture b. heredity
• c. evolution d. cognition

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Vocabulary Review

• Later in education, we have to -------- to more
  difficult tasks.
• progressively b. progressing
• c. progress d. progressive

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Vocabulary Review

• Murder is considered the most serious form of
  ----------.
• a. criminal b. criminalize
• c. criminally d. criminality

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CHAPTER FOURApplied Psychology

• Key Words
• Clinical Psychology
• Psychiatry/Psychiatrist
• Counseling Psychology
• School/Educational Psychology
• Industrial Psychology
• Organizational Psychology

66
Recognizing part of speech from word parts (line
3)

• Psychology
• Psychologist
• Psychological
• Psychologically

67
Relative clause to modify people (line 12)

• This difference in training means that the
  clinical psychologist, who does not have medical
  training, ...

68
Review of modal verbs (line 16)

• He can run fast.
• You can/may use my car.
• I may/might leave tomorrow.
• You should see a doctor.
• You must obey traffic rules.

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The use of neither/nor either/or, and both
(line 32)

• Neither Ali nor John can leave the class.
• Either Ali or John can leave the class.
• Both Ali and John left.

70
Subject appears at the beginning of the second
clause (line 47)

• Using tests and information gained from
  consultations with the student and his or her
  parents, the school psychologist tries to ...

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Comprehension Review

• 1-The clearest difference between a clinical
  psychologist and a psychiatrist is in their
  academic degrees.
• 2- Ph.D. is the short form for Doctor of
  psychology.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- In most states, a clinical psychologist is NOT
  allowed to commit a patient to a hospital for
  care and treatment.
• 4- Clinical psychologists are better able to do
  research work than psychiatrists.

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Comprehension Review

• 5- Psychotherapy methods are used more by
  psychiatrists.
• 6- Counseling and school psychologists use tests
  to obtain the information they need.

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Comprehension Review

• 7- An educational psychologist cannot do the job
  of a school psychologist.

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Vocabulary Review

• A marriage guidance counselor helps people find
  the right person to marry.
• a. master b. adviser
• c. reinforcer d. interpreter

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Vocabulary Review

• A medicine such as aspirin can --------- a
  headache.
• a. alleviate b. confine
• c. retain d. advocate

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Vocabulary Review

• A doctor --------- medicine after diagnosing a
  disease.
• a. adapts b. delegates
• c. performs d. prescribes

78
Vocabulary Review

• There is no ------------ for advanced cases of
  cancer.
• a. paralysis b. arousal
• c. credit d. remedy

79
Vocabulary Review

• We should ------------ an experienced person
  before making important decisions.
• a. speculate b. inspire
• c. consult d. disturb

80
Vocabulary Review

• I prefer to read the English ---------- of
  famous books and not their translations.
• a. subdivision b. version
• c. manipulation d. deduction

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Vocabulary Review

• A clinical psychologist with an M.A. should work
  under the ------------of a psychiatrist.
• a. fluctuation b. distinction
• c. supervision d. consultation

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Vocabulary Review

• The main purpose of counseling or -----------
  psychology is to help people overcome their
  personal problems.
• a. clinical b. cognitive
• c. experimental d. physiological

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Vocabulary Review

• His ------------- behavior makes him quite
  different from others.
• a. distinction b. distinctions
• c. distinctive d. distinctively

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Vocabulary Review

• Since ---------- originated in Freuds medical
  and psychiatry practice, it was first adopted by
  psychiatrists.
• a. psychoanalyze
• b. psychoanalysis
• c. psychoanalytic
• d. psychoanalytically

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CHAPTER FIVEWhat is Development?

• Key Words
• Development
• Developmental Psychology
• Cognitive Development
• Physical Development
• Socio-emotional Development
• Continuity
• Domain

86
The use of dash to give more information (line
4)

• Developmental psychologists must try to
  distinguish development and more specifically,
  human development from all other

87
Review of different relative clauses (line 25)

• The man who came here is sick.
• The man (whom) you saw is intelligent.
• The book (that) you bought is interesting.

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Comprehension Review

• 1-Brain damage is an example of physical
  development.
• 2- A developmental psychologist is interested in
  how an individuals characteristics change as he
  gets older.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- All psychologists agree that development is
  continuous and gradual.
• 4- Psychological growth is getting bigger and
  better every day and every way.

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Comprehension Review

• 5- The meaning of different behaviors at
  different ages is one of the questions of
  developmental psychology.
• 6- A childs development is studied by obtaining
  information from all the three domains.

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Vocabulary Review

• Beethoven had an inborn talent for music.
• a. natural b. physical
• c. intellectual d. hypothetical

92
Vocabulary Review

• Politeness is a necessary quality for a
  successful person.
• a. feeling b. intuition
• c. curiosity d. characteristic

93
Vocabulary Review

• The twins were so alike that it was impossible to
  ---------- one from the other.
• a. vanish b. distinguish
• c. assimilate d. contribute

94
Vocabulary Review

• Mentally disordered people can be easily
  ---------- by their abnormal behavior.
• a. enhanced b. exhausted
• c. recognized d. proceeded

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Vocabulary Review

• When her father died, I sent her
  a(n)---------- note to share her sorrow.
• a. prejudice b. association
• c. stability d. sympathy

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Vocabulary Review

• Some individuals have a natural -----------
  towards fatness.
• a. tendency b. analogy
• c. grimace d. concept

97
Vocabulary Review

• A researcher should have a(n)------------
  selection of his experiments subjects.
• a. random b. overt
• c. total d. inborn

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Vocabulary Review

• Mentally disordered people are easily
  ------------ by their abnormal behavior.
• a. recognize b. recognition
• c. recognizable d. recognizably

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Vocabulary Review

• The two theories are not completely unrelated.
  They ------------ in many ways.
• a. interconnect b. interconnection
• c. interconnected d. interconnecting

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Vocabulary Review

• He was very ------------ with me when my father
  died.
• a. sympathize
• b. sympathy
• c. Sympathetically
• d. sympathetic

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CHAPTER SIXThe Nature-Nurture Interaction

• Key Words
• Nature/Heredity
• Nurture/Environment
• Interaction
• Polygenic
• Genotype/Phenotype
• Expression

102
Adding deleted words for better comprehension
(line 7)

• They attempt to integrate distinctive
  contributions of heredity and environment, of
  nature and nurture, (and they attempt) not to
  separate them.

103
A comma is sometimes used to introduce more
information (line 8)

• From the very beginning, the interaction between
  genes, the smallest units that carry information
  about heredity,...

104
Relating the subject to its verb (line 19)

• The genetic code is present in each cell of the
  developing individual, beginning with the
  fertilized egg.

105
Conditional sentence type 2, with if deleted
(line 24)

• Were we able (if we were able) to decipher ...,
  we still would not be able to predict the
  phenotype.

106
A review of conditional sentences

• 1. If I see him, I will talk to him.
• 2. If I had a car, I would drive.
• 3. If I had studied harder, I would have passed
  the exam.

107
Structure of passive sentences (line 31)

• These genes may be blocked from expressing
  themselves fully
• Object be Past Participle
• The car was painted.

108
Adverbial clause of time (line 47)

• When there is little touching and other forms of
  loving interest, and little stimulation of the
  mind, intelligence is ...

109
Comprehension Review

• 1-In the past child development was directed
  either by nature or nurture.
• 2- Most human characteristics are determined by
  only one gene.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- A person may inherit a certain gene but may
  NOT exhibit the trait caused by that gene.

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Comprehension Review

• 4- Very dark skin is caused by a genotype for
  dark skin and continuous sunlight in the
  environment.

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Comprehension Review

• 5- The environment has no effect on the
  expression of an individuals intelligence.
• 6- Sociability is an example of a polygenic
  trait.

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Vocabulary Review

• There should be a lot more -------
  between educational psychologists and school
  teachers.
• a. interact b. interaction
• c. interactive d. interactively

114
Vocabulary Review

• If we accept his -----------, it may provide an
  explanation foe the cause of some humans phobias.
• a. hypothesize b. hypothesis
• c. hypothetical d. hypothetically

115
Vocabulary Review

• Having a good diet can be ----------- to good
  health.
• a. conducive b. extensive
• c. subjective d. speculative

116
Vocabulary Review

• In some countries, private schools have been
  -------------- into the government education
  system.
• a. contributed b. integrated
• c. disposed d. conceived

117
Vocabulary Review

• We can conclude that both heredity and
  environment --------- to influence different
  traits.
• a. assimilate b. fluctuate
• c. interconnect d. interact

118
Vocabulary Review

• Scientists sometimes make a(n) ------------
  between the way water moves in waves and the way
  light travels.
• a. inference b. persistence
• c. analogy d. energy

119
Vocabulary Review

• His heavy smoking was a(n) -------- cause
  of his early death.
• a. evolutionary
• b. contributory
• c. prejudiced
• d. disturbed

120
Vocabulary Review

• Intelligence is a(n) ----------- trait, because
  more than one gene is responsible for its
  expression.
• a. reversible b. intuitive
• c. intellectual d. polygenic

121
Vocabulary Review

• In extreme ----------- the skin is a milky color
  and the hair is very light.
• a. albinism b. disorder
• c. temperament d. phenotype

122
Vocabulary Review

• The information that --------- hold determines
  the way in which the organism will develop.
• a. genes b. genotype
• c. phenotype d. genetics

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CHAPTER SEVENCognitive Development Piagets View

• Key Words
• Cognitive Development
• Stage Theory
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Sensorimotor

124
Some uses of as (line 4)

• This book is the same as mine.
• Ali is as intelligent as John.
• He works as a psychologist.
• I saw him as he left.

125
Subject at the end of passive sentences (line 7)

• Such ideas were challenged by the Swiss
  psychologist, Jean Piaget.
• Object be P.P. bysubject

126
Sometimes it does not refer to anything, it
just fills the subject position (line 15)

• In particular, it appears that in many respects
  ...
• It is strange that he left here.

127
too before adjectives or adverbs (line 25)

• The tea is too hot to drink.
• He is too young to drive.
• I have too much work to go on a trip.

128
Deleting subject in parallel sentences (line 42)

• ... he sees the same porpoises breathing, (he)
  watches them being petted by their trainer, and
  (he) is allowed to touch one himself.

129
Comprehension Review

• 1-Jean Piaget believed that childrens cognitive
  abilities are less fully developed than adults.
• 2- All psychologists accept Piagets theory as an
  exact description of cognitive development.

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130
Comprehension Review

• 3- The underlying mechanisms of cognitive
  development are studied by Piaget.
• 4- Object permanence is a very important
  achievement of the first stage.

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131
Comprehension Review

• 5- The beginning of the second stage is marked by
  the use of mental images and verbal symbols.

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132
Comprehension Review

• 6- Wrong answers to the cardboard tube and balls
  test indicate that the child is in the
  preoperational stage.

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Comprehension Review

• 7- Conceptual categories appear in the third
  stage.
• 8- The individuals at the formal operation stage
  may NOT actually use their advanced forms of
  thought and reasoning.

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134
Vocabulary Review

• A poet can --------- his feelings, but a painter
  expresses his feelings in drawings and colors.
• a. verbalize b. verbalization
• c. verbal d. verbally

135
Vocabulary Review

• Her mood --------- from happiness to extreme
  depression when she heard the bad news.
• a. variable b. variably
• c. variability d. varied

136
Vocabulary Review

• This judge is very skillful in -------
  he can use general principles to solve particular
  cases.
• a. deduce b. deduction
• c. deductive d. deductively

137
Vocabulary Review

• Some movies are suitable only for mature
  audience.
• a. adolescent b. expert
• c. curious d. adult

138
Vocabulary Review

• The tension between contrasting feelings may
  cause mental disorders.
• a. tendency b. sympathy
• c. pressure d. expression

139
Vocabulary Review

• Dont ever ---------- your enemy. He might be
  more intelligent than you are.
• a. underestimate
• b. assimilate
• c. sympathize
• d. contribute

140
Vocabulary Review

• This chemical reaction has ------. H2 and O
  combine to make water, and then water can be
  analyzed into H2 and O.
• a. conduciveness b. reversibility
• c. accommodation d. interconnection

141
Vocabulary Review

• Most -------- cells are located in almost
  protected positions in the body.
• a. verbal b. overt
• c. sensory d. genetic

142
Vocabulary Review

• It is very difficult to measure --------
  qualities such as honesty, love, kindness etc.
• a. concrete b. random
• c. abstract d. verbal

143
Vocabulary Review

• Unlike psychology, physics generally deals with
  forces that act on --------- objects.
• a. mature b. concrete
• c. random d. variable

144
CHAPTER EIGHTClassical Conditioning

• Key Words
• Classical Conditioning
• Stimulus
• Response
• Conditioned
• Reinforcement
• Experiment

145
The use of colon to give some explanation (line
4)

• During his investigation, he noticed a curious
  fact the dogs which were subjects in his studies
  ...

146
Shortened relative clauses (line 17)

• This was followed by a second stimulus (that was)
  known to produce a strong effect on salivation
  (dried meat powder (that was) put...

147
Review of passive sentences (line 22)

• Ali has called me.
• I have been called.
• Ali painted the house.
• The house was painted.
• Ali will paint it.
• It will be painted.

148
Some uses of so (line 33,34)

• I am so tired that I cant go.
• Is he here? I think so.
• He studied hard, so he passed.
• So, you said he left.

149
Verbs used as adjectives (line 47)

• This is a terrifying story.
• The child was terrified.
• The boring film tired everyone.
• All the students were bored.

150
Comprehension Review

• 1- The initial aim of Pavlov was to study the
  responses of dogs to certain stimuli.
• 2- The bell was called a conditioned stimulus
  because it made the dogs salivate at first.

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151
Comprehension Review

• 3- People also learn through classical
  conditioning.
• 4- Albert was never afraid when the rat was NOT
  followed by the noise.
• 5- The snake photo was presented as the
  conditioned response.

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152
Vocabulary Review

• It is curious that some organisms sometimes dont
  react like other organisms of the same kind.
• a. dynamic b. strange
• c. suitable d. adaptable

153
Vocabulary Review

• The field of psychology has undergone many
  changes during the 20th century.
• a. comprised b. speculated c.
  experienced d. concerned

154
Vocabulary Review

• Some new feelings may evoke old memories.
• a. enhance b. introduce c. reduce
  d. produce

155
Vocabulary Review

• People sometimes ---------- at the thought of
  something delicious.
• a. salivate b. associate
• c. condition d. maintain

156
Vocabulary Review

• She has ----------- to enter the university by
  studying day and night.
• a. turned out b. conditioned
• c. set out d. undergone

157
Vocabulary Review

• A mothers opinion of his child is naturally a(n)
  --------- one.
• a. conditioned b. prejudiced
• c. adaptive d. extensive

158
Vocabulary Review

• If Pavlov had used the bell alone, it would not
  cause the dog to salivate because it would be
  a(n)---------- stimulus.
• a. neutral
• b. salivary
• c. conditioned
• d. unconditioned

159
Vocabulary Review

• Those who have color ---------- hate people with
  different skin color.
• a. arousal b. curiosity
• c. prejudice d. status

160
Vocabulary Review

• The thiefs strange behavior ------- the
  suspicion of the police.
• a. reversed b. contrasted
• c. tended d. aroused

161
Vocabulary Review

• Young children have strong -------- to
  discover new things.
• a. curiosity b. curious
• c. salivate d. salivary

162
CHAPTER NINEOperant Conditioning Learning
Based on Consequences

• Key Words
• Operant Conditioning
• Primary Reinforcer
• Positive Reinforcer
• Negative Reinforcer
• Punishment

163
Review of sentence types (line 7)

• He studied hard for the exam. (simple)
• He studied hard and he passed. (compound)
• He studied hard because he wanted to pass.
  (complex)

164
Review of modals (line 16)

• I can drive.
• It may/might rain tonight.
• You can/may leave now.
• You should be careful.
• We must obey the law.

165
Deletion of repeated words (line 40)

• ... where some response is followed by unpleasant
  stimuli or events, or (where some response is
  followed) by the omission of positive events.

166
Changing verbs into nouns (line 57)

• Reinforcement reinforcement
• Acquire tion acquisition
• Suppress sion suppression
• Arouse al arousal
• Tend ency tendency

167
Comprehension Review

• 1-Most psychologists believe that operant
  conditioning is the result of two kinds of
  events.
• 2- A positive reinforcer increases the tendency
  to do a certain action again.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- A positive reinforcer can have the same effect
  in different contexts.
• 4- When we perform an action to escape a negative
  reinforcer, we may do that action again and
  again.

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Comprehension Review

• 5- There is NOT much difference between
  punishment and a negative reinforcer.
• 6- We may suppress a form of behavior because of
  a negative reinforcer.

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170
Vocabulary Review

• As his anger was not ----------, I decided not
  to argue with him.
• a. suppressible
• b. suppress
• c. suppressing
• d. suppression

171
Vocabulary Review

• It needs a lot of time and energy to acquire a
  good knowledge of English.
• a. control b. gain
• c. advise d. connect

172
Vocabulary Review

• In the ---------- of an economic crisis, it is
  not wise to lower the taxes.
• a. inference b. context
• c. acquisition d. implication

173
Vocabulary Review

• The doctor advised him to really --------- from
  smoking.
• a. regard b. retain
• c. refrain d. reverse

174
Vocabulary Review

• An intelligence test can --------- as a way of
  finding how intelligent someone is.
• a. serve b. infer
• c. interact d. prevent

175
Vocabulary Review

• In a class, the teachers praise of a students
  correct response is a best ----------- reinforcer
  for that behavior.
• a. conditioning b. stimulus
• c. negative d. positive

176
Vocabulary Review

• A constant tendency to ---------- ones anger may
  have unpleasant results.
• a. perform b. associate
• c. suppress d. embarrass

177
Vocabulary Review

• It is necessary to understand ---------- in order
  to be able to understand social roles.
• a. intellect b. status
• c. inference d. permanence

178
Vocabulary Review

• He was really -------- when he found out that he
  didnt have enough money to pay for his lunch.
• a. prejudiced b. embarrassed
• c. persisted d. impressed

179
Vocabulary Review

• Alfred Nobels name is always --------- with
  Noble Prize.
• a. gestured b. acquired
• c. counteracted d. associated

180
Vocabulary Review

• First language --------- by children has
  different stages.
• a. emotion b. variation
• c. acquisition d. exclusion

181
CHAPTER TENHow Can Language be Defined?

• Key Words
• Learning
• Performance
• Permanent
• Temporary
• Behavioral
• Potential Behavior

182
Passives with modals (line 1)

• He will repair it.
• It will be repaired.
• She might write it.
• It might be written.
• He must painted it.
• It must be painted.

183
Changing nouns into adjectives (line 8)

• Behavior al behavioral
• Evolution ary evolutionary
• Danger ous dangerous
• History ic historic

184
The use of certain prepositions with certain
verbs (line 15)

• Infer from
• Associate with
• Think of
• Face with
• Be based on
• Assign to

185
A clause as the subject or object of verb (line
47)

• What we learn at any time is influenced by ...
• What you say is true.
• I want to know what he did.

186
Comprehension Review

• 1-A permanent change in behavior is always a form
  of learning.
• 2- If a behavioral change is observed only once,
  it cannot be considered learning.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- We can call a behavioral change a form of
  learning when it is related to what has happened
  before in our lives.

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Comprehension Review

• 4- Learning is also the natural result of growing
  up.
• 5- An exam is one of the ways to find out if
  learning has happened or not.

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Comprehension Review

• 6- Only our performance can show if learning has
  occurred.
• 7- According to the second definition current
  performance is almost the same as potential
  behavior based on learning.

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190
Comprehension Review

• 8- Howe believes that we learn because we want to
  protect ourselves and make our capacities larger.
  
• 9- An adaptive change helps us to be more
  effective in our environment.

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191
Vocabulary Review

• George didnt openly agree with my suggestion,
  but his agreement was --------- in his pleasant
  smile.
• a. implicitly b. imply
• c. implicit d. implication

192
Vocabulary Review

• His ------------ learning ability enabled him
  to major in two different fields.
• a. extend b. extensive
• c. extension d. extensively

193
Vocabulary Review

• They could not --------- to the new weather
  conditions when they migrated from Spain to
  Norway.
• a. adapt b. adaptation
• c. adaptive d. adaptable

194
Vocabulary Review

• It is really difficult to separate memory and
  learning they are closely interlinked.
• a. disturbed b. counted
• c. changed d. joined

195
Vocabulary Review

• Science and technology have brought about great
  changes in the 20th century.
• a. caused b. counted
• c. needed d. separated

196
Vocabulary Review

• He didnt call her a liar, he implied that she
  was not telling the truth.
• a. recognize b. suggested
• c. allowed d. distinguish

197
Vocabulary Review

• As theoretical constructs are not directly
  observable, they cant be measured easily.
• a. stages b. states
• c. amounts d. concepts

198
Vocabulary Review

• His ------- character allows him to feel
  comfortable in all kinds of environments.
• a. adaptive b. curious
• c. reversible d. prejudiced

199
Vocabulary Review

• The capacity of our memory can be ------------ by
  practicing regularly.
• a. fatigued b. reinforced
• c. extended d. conditioned

200
Vocabulary Review

• Air pollution is --------. It increases gradually
  and steadily day by day.
• a. adaptable b. inferential
• c. permanent d. cumulative

201
Vocabulary Review

• What we actually do, that is, our -----------
  doesnt always indicate what we really know.
• a. reinforcement
• b. performance
• c. competence
• d. association

202
Vocabulary Review

• When a certain behavior is repeated on a number
  of occasions, we can conclude that behavior
  has ---------- .
• a. expression b. adaptation
• c. inference d. permanence

203
Vocabulary Review

• All hypothetical ---------- are measured by
  observing people's performance.
• a. constructs b. reinforces
• c. disorders d. remedies

204
CHAPTER ELEVENWhat does Motivation Mean?

• Key Words
• Motivation
• Theory/Theorist
• Competence
• Emotion
• Variable
• Energize

205
Some common expressions (line 3)

• Due to
• In response to
• In contrast
• Regardless of
• On the basis of
• With regard to

206
Deletion in parallel structures (line 10)

• Learning theorist, for example, have also been
  concerned with what arouses behavior, (and
  learning theorists have been concerned with) what
  gives it direction.

207
Words and expressions that show contrast

• But/Yet
• On the other hand
• On the contrary
• Nevertheless
• However
• In spite of

208
Words and expressions that show similarity

• Also
• Besides
• Similarly
• In addition to
• Furthermore
• As a matter of fact

209
Words and expressions that show result

• So
• Thus
• Therefore
• As a result
• As a consequence

210
Comprehension Review

• 1-Different psychologists give different
  definitions for motivation.
• 2- The arousal, direction and persistence of
  behavior are studied only by motivation theorists.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- Learning theorists do NOT focus on the study
  of those factors that arouse and energize
  behavior.
• 4- The factors that arouse, energize and direct
  our behavior are almost the same.

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Comprehension Review

• 5- What makes a person repeat a certain behavior
  is the main concern of motivation theorists.
• 6- According to motivation theorists, some
  motivational processes underlie our behavior all
  the time.

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213
Vocabulary Review

• He is a (n) -------- designer he has the
  necessary skills and knowledge, but he never
  works hard enough.
• a. competence b. competent
• c. compete d. competition

214
Vocabulary Review

• David is a bit neurotic, but his wife is a very
  ----------- person.
• a. stabilize b. stability
• c. stable d. stably

215
Vocabulary Review

• If a member does not pay his membership fees, he
  may be ------------ from the club.
• a. excluded b. exclusion
• c. exclusive d. exclusively

216
Vocabulary Review

• We are living in a dynamic period in history the
  face of the world is changing quickly.
• a. active b. meaningful
• c. curious d. successful

217
Vocabulary Review

• The --------- of black people from the elections
  caused great anger among them.
• a. exclusion b. evolution
• c. assignment d. commitment

218
Vocabulary Review

• His speech had an effect on our --------- rather
  than our reasons.
• a. motives b. emotions
• c. perceptions d. associations

219
Vocabulary Review

• Hunger, thirst and the need for air are some of
  our survival ------.
• a. prejudices b. emotions
• c. impressions d. motives

220
Vocabulary Review

• Nothing stays the same around us , because our
  life environment is highly ---------.
• a. stable b. variable
• c. persistent d. intense

221
Vocabulary Review

• There is no doubt about the ----------- of
  the new teaching method, because it can produce
  the desired effects very well.
• a. prestige b. variation
• c. efficacy d. stability

222
Vocabulary Review

• The Kayhan reporter managed to get a(n)
  ----------- interview with the scientist. No
  other reporters took part in the interview.
• a. contrasting b. immediate
• c. thematic d. exclusive

223
Vocabulary Review

• A good diet and enough sleep are necessary to
  --------- our health.
• a. alleviate b. diagnose
• c. maintain d. intensify

224
Vocabulary Review

• One of the ways to find out about the -------- of
  someones emotion is to know how long it has been
  since the motive was last satisfied.
• a. intensity b. tendency
• c. competence d. maintenance

225
CHAPTER TWELVEAchievement, Power, and
Affiliation Some Human Motives

• Key Words
• Motivation/Motive
• Achievement Motive
• Affiliation Motive
• Power Motive
• Prestige
• Achievement-Oriented

226
The use of certain prepositions with certain
adjectives (line 1)

• Unhappy with
• Worried about
• Tired of
• In favor of
• Surprised at
• Accustomed to

227
The use of colon to introduce explanation (line
11)

• Many psychologists would answer through
  reference to important human motives.

228
Review of passive structure (line 28)

• The same basic method is used for measuring all
  three of the motives...
• Object be past participle

229
Shortened relative clauses (line) 51

• Those (who hold) holding jobs (that require)
  requiring independent action and decision-making
  often have children (who are) higher in such
  motivation...

230
Comprehension Review

• 1-The artist destroyed his painting because he
  thought he could paint better than that.
• 2- The affiliation motive caused the woman to
  give up her law practice.

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Comprehension Review

• 3- Someone who wants others to obey him, has a
  strong power motive.
• 4- Those who just try to get by, are low in
  achievement motivation.

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Comprehension Review

• 5- Achievement, affiliation and power motives are
  measured quite differently.
• 6- Differences in achievement motivation are
  mainly due to differences in child-rearing
  practices.

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Comprehension Review

• 7- The intensity of achievement motivation does
  NOT usually affect other respects of life.

F
234
Comprehension Review

• 8- When persons low in achievement motivation
  fail, they blame other people and other things
  for their own failure.

T
235
Comprehension Review

• 9- A manager with good LMP does NOT let his
  emotional ties take away his chances of
  promotion.

T
236
Comprehension Review

• 10-If a person is low in power motivation, he is
  certainly high in affiliation motivation and vice
  versa.

F
237
Vocabulary Review

• It is not advisable to spend our time and energy
  on goals that are not -----------.
• a. achievable b. achieve
• c. achievement d. achieved

238
Vocabulary Review

• You do not have to do all the work yourself. In
  fact, you should ---------- part of your duty to
  your secretary.
• a. delegation b. delegated
• c. delegate d. delegating

239
Vocabulary Review

• A nice work setting is one where there is a
  sense of competition, but no one feels jealous of
  someone else.
• a. desire b. motive
• c. environment d. improvement

240
Vocabulary Review

• Those who have only one main theme in life are
  usually more successful than those who spend
  their energy in different directions.
• a. quality b. power
• c. trait d. concern

241
Vocabulary Review

• His latest book -----------to be a masterpiece.
• a. got by b. turned out
• c. thought of d. inferred from

242
Vocabulary Review

• ------------ individuals seek a very high
  standard of performance for themselves.
• a. Achievement-oriented
• b. Motivation-oriented
• c. Power-oriented
• d. Affiliation-oriented

243
Vocabulary Review

• It is undoubtedly --------- to spend enough time,
  energy and money to learn English.
• a. achievable b. worthwhile
• c. persistent d. exclusive

244
Vocabulary Review

• The need to experience attachment to others
  through friendship, sociability or group
  membership is called the need for --------- .
• a. power b. leadership
• c. affiliation d. achievement

245
Vocabulary Review

• His receiving the Noble Prize for medicine is a
  very -------------- achievement.
• a. reversible b. variable
• c. maintainable d. creditable

246
Vocabulary Review

• The swimmer drowned because his legs had got
  --------- with a fishing net.
• a. affiliated b. intensified
• c. entangled d. delegated

247
Vocabulary Review

• For people with high power motivation, the main
  ------- is how to get higher and higher
  positions.
• a. setting b. impact
• c. domain d. theme

248
CHAPTER THIRTEENThinking and Language

• Key Words
• Thinking
• Sign Language
• Hypothesis
• Semantic
• Experiment

249
Some common phrasal verbs (line 5)

• Draw on
• Carry on
• Turn out
• Give up
• Turn off
• Call on

250
Subject at the beginning of the second clause
(line 23)

• While (he was) under the influence of the drug,
  the subject was ...
• Having finished homework, Ali went to the park.

251
The use of present perfect (line 31)

• The discussion so far has been about the use of
  vocal speech symbols...
• I saw this film last year.
• I have seen this film.

252
Passive present perfect (line 40)

• ... it has been found that deaf children develop
  their own.
• He has repaired the car.
• The car has been fixed.
• Object be past participle

253
Comprehension Review

• 1-Our semantic long-term memory stores whatever
  is needed to produce language.
• 2- Linguistic relatively hypothesis is widely
  accepted by language theorists.

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254
Comprehension Review

• 3- Some experiments have proved the existence of
  small movements in the vocal apparatus while
  thinking.
• 4- Other experiments have completely denied the
  small movements of the vocal apparatus.

T
F
255
Comprehension Review

• 5- In the experiment the drug had blocked the
  connection between his muscles and his brain.
• 6- Only one kind of drug was used during the
  experiment.

T
F
256
Comprehension Review

• 7- According to the passage, a sign language
  does NOT express all our ideas.
• 8- Knowing a sign language can improve a deaf
  persons performance on cognitive and thinking
  tasks.

F
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257
Vocabulary Review

• The --------- caused by a stroke may be temporary
  or permanent.
• a. paralysis b. paralyze
• c. paralytic d. paralytically

258
Vocabulary Review

• When someone is bitten by a poisonous snake, only
  a certain kind of drug can --------- the poison.
  
• a. counteractive b. counteract
• c. counteraction d. counteracting

259
Vocabulary Review

• The --------- of correct sentences requires a
  certain number of rules as well as enough words.
• a. generate b. generated
• c. generative d. generation

260
Vocabulary Review

• At first I thought he was joking, but later it
  became clear that he had literally left the
  university for ever.
• a. really b. explicitly
• c. infinitely d. effortfully

261
Vocabulary Review

• Modern views usually oppose traditional ones.
• a. limits b. opinions
• c. changes d. effects

262
Vocabulary Review

• We combine sounds to generate words and combine
  words to make sentences.
• a. relate b. infer
• c. produce d. influence

263
Vocabulary Review

• ---------- languages were originally created for
  deaf people.
• a. Semantic b. Sign
• c. Vocal d. Written

264
Vocabulary Review

• When the nerve of a muscle is cut off, the
  ----------- of that muscle bec