Reproduction and Development

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Topic 4

• Reproduction and Development

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Species

• A group of closely related organisms who can
  successfully reproduce.

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Types of Reproduction
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Types of Reproduction
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Clones

• Technique that creates
• identical organisms.

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Sexual Reproduction

• Offspring receive ½ their genes from 1 parent,
  and the other ½ from the 2nd parent.

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Sex Cells (gametes)

• Male sperm (1/2 chromosomes of body cells)
• Female egg (1/2 chrom of body cells)

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Draw Fertilization!!!
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Genetic Recombination

• Gene Shuffling
• Unique combinations of parents chromosomes that
  produce offspring with variation.
• Why you look different from siblings.

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Genetic Recombination
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Mitosis

• 1 parent cell ? 2 cloned daughter cells
• DNA is replicated during mitosis so each daughter
  cell receives 1 full set of instructions.

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Meiosis

• Genetic material is divided so that each daughter
  cell receives ½ the DNA of the parent cell.
• Cell division of the gametes (sex cells).

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Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
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Genetic Variation and Meiosis

• Independent Assortment genes for different
  traits segregate independently during the
  formation of gametes
• Crossing Over chromosomes exchange pieces
  during meiosis

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Independent Assortment
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Crossing Over
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Zygote Formation and Early Development

• Zygote fertilized egg (full set of chroms)

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Zygote Formation and Early Development

• Genetic Combination unique combination of
  parental DNA found in zygote (variation)
• Differentiation formation of specialized cells
  in an organism (nerve, muscle, cardiac)
• Gene Expression different genes are activated
  (expressed) in different cells

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Development
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Differentiation
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Connect the concepts

• 1. Sex cells created by meiosis
• 2. Sperm and egg meet during fertilization
• 3. Resulting zygote begins to divide by mitosis
• 4. Over time, gene expression creates different
  cells in the orgnanism

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Female Reproductive System

• Ovary egg/hormone (estrogen/progesterone)
  production
• Estrogen hormone that thickens uterine lining
• Progesterone hormone that maintains uterine
  lining thickness
• Egg female sex cell containing ½ moms DNA

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Ovary
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Female Reproductive System

• Oviduct site of fertilization (tubes)
• Uterus site of embryo implantation
• Cervix sphincter that protects uterus
• Vagina site of sexual intercourse, where the
  baby pops out

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Menstrual Cycle

• Ovulation release of egg from ovary
• Menstruation shedding of uterine lining and
  unfertilized egg

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Human Development

• Fetus human embryo after surviving 8 weeks
• PLACENTA organ responsible for diffusion of
  gasses/nutrients/wastes between mom and baby
• Diffusion transport from H?L of molecules

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Diffusion

• Mom ? Baby oxygen, nutrients
• Baby ? Mom carbon dioxide, wastes

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Male Reproductive System

• Testes site of sperm/testosterone production
• Testosterone hormone that induces testes to
  make sperm
• Sperm male sex cell containing ½ dads DNA

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Male Reproductive System

• Vas deferns tube connecting testes to urethra
• Urethra site of excretion, ejaculation
• Reproductive glands secrete components of semen
  (prostate, seminal ves, coupers)

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Reproductive Technology

• Artificial Insemination fertilize female with
  choice sperm (1000s offspring from 1 farm
  animal)
• In vitro fertilization fertilization takes
  place in petri dish, zygote then implanted in
  mom

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In vitro fertilization
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Reproductive Technology

• Ultrasound image growing fetus
• Amniocentesis retrieve fetal cells from amnion
  surrounding fetus

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Reproductive Technology

• Karyotype create image of organisms chromosomes
  for analysis