Alternatives to antibiotics make for healthier calves

1
Alternatives to antibiotics make for healthier
calves

• Producers Continuing
• Education Program

Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
Make sure you have Audio turned up!
2
What goals do you have?

• Want less than 2 pre-weaning loss?
• Want to save money on product costs?
• Want to grow a heifer that will perform?
• Want to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics?

3
Objectives of This Course

• Concerns about antibiotic resistance in animal
  agriculture
• Factors that influence development of resistant
  bacteria during calf-rearing
• Factors affecting pre-weaned calf health and the
  need for antibiotic use
• Current lessons learned from research that will
  help you reach your calf-rearing goals

4
Ceftriaxone-Resistant Salmonella Infection
Acquired by a Child from Cattle
Paul D. Fey, Ph.D., Thomas J. Safranek, M.D.,
Mark E. Rupp, M.D., Eileen F. Dunne, M.D.,
M.P.H., Efrain Ribot, Ph.D., Peter C. Iwen, M.S.,
Patricia A. Bradford, Ph.D., Frederick J.
Angulo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Steven H. Hinrichs, M.D.
N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 27342(17)1242-9.

• Led to increased interest in antimicrobial use in
  food producing animals

5
What are the concerns?

• Preventive and low-level (in-feed) use of
  antibiotics in food animals
• incriminated as causes for antibiotic resistance
  in human pathogens (Banned by European Union)
• In the US, animal antibiotic volume is relatively
  high
• As a result, antibiotic resistance in bacteria
  from food animals has been monitored on a
  national and local level.

6
Pre-weaned calves

• Most antibiotic use in dairy is in pre-weaned
  calves and in fresh cows

7
Development of Resistance

• Selection pressure
• natural selection in bacteria
• Mutation
• spontaneous but then selected for
• Genetic transfer
• conjugation
• transformation
• transduction

8
Conjugation Transfer of Resistance Genes
9
Detecting Resistance in Bacteria
Resistant To this drug
Susceptible
10
Goal 1Reducing Pre-Weaning Losses

• USDA Dairy2007
• Pre-weaning losses 7.8
• Death loss due to scours 56
• Death loss due to respiratory 22

Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
11
Immune status of calves
Large number of calves on dairies and calf
ranches may not have received enough colostrum.
Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
Goal 1
12
Inadequate or Failure Of Passive Transfer
37 heifers 62 bulls
Goal 1
13
Survival of calves by Passive Transfer of Immunity
Proportion of calves surviving
Failure PT Partial Failure PT Adequate PT
Goal 1
14
Colostrum Feeding

• QUALITY
• QUANTITY
• TIMING

Goal 1
15
Evaluating Colostrum Feeding
Goal 1
TPlt5.0 is Too Low TP5.0-5.5 is Marginal TP gt5.5
is Adequate
16
Dystocia Difficult Calving

• Affects health of calf
• Causes neonatal acidosis
• Can influence survivability up to 30 days of age
• Related to calf birth weight
• Up to 50 of Heifers
• Up to 30 of Cows

Goal 1
17
Environment and Housing

• Really high temperatures
• Really low temperatures
• Large temperature fluctuations

Goal 1
18
Feeding Waste Milk
Goal 1
19
Quality of Waste Milk Varies
Goal 1
20
Feeding Waste Milk Pasteurize!
Goal 1
21
Goal 2 Saving money on product use
22
Common hutch-calf diseases

• Diarrhea
• Dietary
• E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Rota/Corona,
  Cryptosporidia,
• Respiratory disease- viruses, Pasteurella,
  Mannheimia, Salmonella septicemia and Mycoplasma
  spp,
• Ear infections (Otitis) Mycoplasma, Mannheimia
  and Pasteurella
• Septicemia, enteric/umbilical- Salmonella and E.
  coli
• Joint infections septicemia, injuries,
  Mycoplasma, etc.
• Umbilical infections E. coli, Arcanobacter

Goal 2
23
Targeted Therapy to Reduce Antibiotic Use
Goal 2
24
Targeted Therapy

• Do a quick assessment for fever, depression,
  appetite

Goal 2
25
Targeted Therapy

• Calf groups receiving conventional antibiotic
  treatment had twice as much diarrhea as those
  receiving targeted treatment.
• Calves receiving antibiotics in milk for 14 days
  had 1.3 times more diarrhea as calves not
  receiving antibiotics in the milk.
• Calves receiving targeted therapy consumed more
  grain than calves receiving conventional therapy.
  

Goal 2
26
Effective Antibiotic Use - DDDR

• Right Drug for the bug
• Right Dose
• Right Duration of treatment
• Right Route of administration
• READ THE LABEL
• HAVE A Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship
  (VCPR) AND LABEL for extra-label drugs

Goal 2
27
When calves have not received colostrum

• Antibiotics in Milk or replacer may be protective
  for calves less than 1 week of age but not later
  on
• Treatment antibiotics help reduce death loss

Goal 2
28
Alternatives to in-milk antibiotics

• EnteroguardTM fructo-oligosaccharide
• BioMos -- mannan oligosaccharide
• Live yeast

Goal 2
29
Feeding Colostrum Supplementfor first 14 days of
life
Colostrum supplementation post-closure of the gut
will decrease diarrheal disease on calf ranches
and increases weight gain in the first four weeks
of life.
Goal 2
30
Goal 3 How to get heifers to perform

• Performance growth, age at first calf, first
  lactation milk yield
• Post-weaning factors
• Pre-weaning factors

31
Pre-weaning effects on performance

• Calfhood disease affects age at first calving
• Effects from illnesses like pneumonia during
  early development may linger and lower milk
  production

Goal 3
32
Goal 4 Preserving the Effectiveness of
Antibiotics
33
Risks for Antibiotic Resistance TREATMENT

• For each additional Antibiotic treatment within 6
  weeks of sampling, the risk for more multi-drug
  resistance increased by 30
• Calves treated within 5 days of sampling had 5
  times higher risk for higher levels of resistance
  (multi-drug)

Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
Goal 4
34
Risks for Antibiotic ResistanceTREATMENT

• Calves with no milk antibiotics but getting
  treated were 3 times more likely to have higher
  levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria
• Resistant bacteria did not persist for long-term
• Calves getting antibiotics the first day of life
  more likely to shed Salmonella

Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
Goal 4
35
Risks for Antibiotic Resistance ANTIBIOTICS IN
THE MILK

• Oxytetracycline
• Chlortetracycline
• Neomycin
• Trimethoprim/Sulfa
• Antibiotics can result in multi-drug resistant
  bacteria in calves

Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
Goal 4
36
Risks for Antibiotic ResistanceAGE and FARM TYPE

• Risk for increasing levels of resistant bacteria
  was highest for calves 3-14 days compared to
  newborns
• Risk decreased with age
• Dairy and calf-ranch calves more bacteria with
  higher levels of resistance than cow-calf calves

Level of antibiotic resistance
Age in Days
Goal 4
37
Risks for Antibiotic ResistanceLESS CLEANING

• Scraping/mechanically cleaning hutches between
  calves REDUCED levels of antibiotic resistance by
  50
• Scraping manure from under the hutches weekly
  REDUCED the levels of antibiotic resistance by 70

Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
Goal 4
38
Final Words

• Colostrum Management
• Colostrum Supplement in first 2 weeks
• Cleaning Hutches
• Targeted Therapy

39
Feed Colostrum

• QUALITY
• QUANTITY
• TIMING

40
Check calves daily
41
Monitor Heifer Performance
42
Keep Calf Environments Clean
Photo Courtesy of ACB Berge
43
Please take our quiz and survey!
Calf photos courtesy of ACB Berge, D Moore, M
Hartman
44
Dystocia can not only result in stillborn calves,
but can also result in ___________ which can
affect calf survivability up to 30 days of age.
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
45
In the U.S., animal antibiotic volume is
relatively
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
46
The single most important factor influencing
calves survivability after birth is
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
47
What components make up an effective colostrum
feeding program?
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
48
According to a USDA study, average pre-weaning
calf losses are about
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
49
A research trial showed that calves on a targeted
therapy plan consumed _____ grain versus calves
that had received conventional therapy.
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
50
Research found that when you clean calf hutches
by scraping or mechanically cleaning between
calves, you reduce levels of antibiotic
resistance by
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
51
One study showed that feeding a colostrum
supplement for the first 14 days of life ______
diarrheal disease and ______ weight gain for the
first 4 weeks of life.
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
52
You can check to see if calves received colostrum
by taking a blood sample and evaluating the serum
total proteins. The level you would most like to
see in the calves is
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
53
If a calf does not get colostrum, not only does
it lack specific antibodies but it is also likely
Correct - Click anywhere to continue
Incorrect - Click anywhere to continue
Your answer
You answered this correctly!
You did not answer this question completely.
The correct answer is
54
I would like to see this program developed for
Spanish-speaking dairy employees.
55
I think that this kind of online program is
helpful for me to understand current research
findings.
56
What other topics do you think would work well in
this online format?
57
What other topics should be the focus of
extension research and education for dairy
producers and/or calf raisers?
58
Calf Science - Producer Quiz
Question Feedback/Review Information Will Appear
Here
59
Thank you for your time!
Veterinary Medicine Extension P.O. Box 646610
Pullman, WA 99164-6610 509-335-8221/8225 FAX
509-335-0880 http//vetextension.wsu.edu EMAIL
VetExtension_at_vetmed.wsu.edu