Alternatives to Antibiotics Make for Healthier Calves

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Alternatives to Antibiotics Make for Healthier
Calves

• Educational Program
• for Students

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Objectives of This Course

• Understand the concerns about antibiotic
  resistance in animal agriculture.
• List 3 ways bacteria can develop resistance.
• Describe some factors that affect pre-weaned calf
  health and why there is still a need for
  antibiotic use.
• Understand current research on antibiotic
  resistance and alternatives to antibiotics.

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Ceftriaxone-Resistant Salmonella Infection
Acquired by a Child from Cattle
When Concerns Became Public
Paul D. Fey, Ph.D., Thomas J. Safranek, M.D.,
Mark E. Rupp, M.D., Eileen F. Dunne, M.D.,
M.P.H., Efrain Ribot, Ph.D., Peter C. Iwen, M.S.,
Patricia A. Bradford, Ph.D., Frederick J.
Angulo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Steven H. Hinrichs, M.D.
N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 27342(17)1242-9.

• Led to increased interest in antimicrobial use in
  food producing animals.

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What are the Concerns?

• Preventive and low-level (in-feed) use of
  antibiotics in food animals.
• Incriminated as causes for antibiotic resistance
  in human pathogens (Banned by European Union).
• In the US, animal antibiotic volume is relatively
  high.
• As a result, antibiotic resistance in bacteria
  from food animals has been monitored on a
  national and local level.

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Results From Consumer Concerns
Added pressure for calf raisers to find
alternative management tools for raising healthy
calves!
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Pre-weaned Calves

• Most antibiotic use in dairy is in pre-weaned
  calves and in fresh cows.

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The 3 Ways that Development of Resistance Occur

• 1. Selection Pressure
• 2. Mutation
• 3. Genetic Transfer

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Selection Pressure

• Survival of the fittest

2. Process of growth and division produces
naturally occurring mutants
1. Population of dividing microbes
Time
START
Selective Pressure
3. Microbial population continues to multiply,
occasionally giving rise to more mutants
5. Mutants continue to grow and divide in the
presence of the antimicrobial and begin to spread
throughout the environment
4. Microbes are killed or prevented from growing
by antimicrobial except for specific, resistant
mutants
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Mutation

• Is spontaneous, but then selected for.

Some mutations make the bacterium drug resistant
Drug resistant bacteria multiply and thrive
Non-resistant bacteria exist
Bacteria multiply by the billions
A few of these bacteria will mutate
In the presence of drugs, only drug resistant
bacteria survive
Mutation in DNA
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CONJUGATION
Genetic Transfer
Transfers between bacteria through
conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
Transfer of resistance genes
Plasmid
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Detecting Resistance in Bacteria
Resistant to this drug
Susceptible
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Calf Mortality in the U.S.

• USDA Dairy 2007
• Pre-weaning losses 7.8
• 56 of death loss from scours
• Death loss due to respiratory 22

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Factors Affecting Calf Morbidity and Mortality

• Defined
• Morbidity (sickness) days in trial without
  treatment, days to first treatment.
• Mortality (death) days to death.

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Immune Status of Calves
On dairies and calf ranches there are a large
number of calves that may not have received
enough colostrum soon after birth.
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Inadequate or Failure Of Passive Transfer
37 heifers 62 bulls
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Survival of calves by Passive Transfer of Immunity
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Proportion of Calves Surviving
Failure PT Partial Failure PT Adequate PT
Days After Birth
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3 Key Factors in Colostrum Feeding

• 1. QUALITY
• 2. QUANTITY
• 3. TIMING

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Evaluating Colostrum Feeding
TPlt5.0 is Too Low TP5.0-5.5 is Marginal TP gt5.5
is Adequate
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Dystocia Difficult Calving

• Affects health of calf.
• Causes neonatal acidosis.
• Can influence survivability up to 30 days of age.
• Related to calf birth weight.
• Up to 50 of Heifers.
• Up to 30 of Cows.

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Environment and Housing

• Really high temperatures.
• Really low temperatures.
• Large temperature fluctuations.

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Keeping the Calf Environment Clean

• Scraping/mechanically cleaning hutches between
  calves REDUCED levels of antibiotic resistance by
  50.
• Scraping manure from under the hutches weekly
  REDUCED the levels of antibiotic resistance by
  70.

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Non-Colostrum Factors Affecting Calf Immunity
and Health

• Inadequate caloric intake
• Crude Protein deficiency
• Selenium deficiency
• Low levels of Vitamins A, D, and E
• Reduced stores of Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe

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Feeding Waste Milk
Good management practiceor not?
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Quality of Waste Milk Varies
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Feeding Waste MilkPasteurize!
GREAT MANAGEMENT DECISION!
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Why Antibiotics ARE Needed
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Common Hutch-Calf Diseases

• DIARRHEA
• Dietary
• E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Rota/Corona,
  Cryptosporidia,
• RESPIRATORY DISEASE- viruses, Pasteurella,
  Mannheimia, Salmonella septicemia and Mycoplasma
  spp,
• EAR INFECTIONS (Otitis) Mycoplasma, Mannheimia
  and Pasteurella
• SEPTICEMIA, ENTERIC/UMBILICAL- Salmonella and E.
  coli
• JOINT INFECTIONS septicemia, injuries,
  Mycoplasma, etc.
• UMBILICAL INFECTIONS E. coli, Arcanobacter

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Pre-Weaning Effects on Performance

• Calf hood disease affects age at first calving.
• Effects from illnesses like pneumonia during
  early development may linger and lower milk
  production.

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Therapeutic Drugs Commonly Used By Calf Raisers

• Ceftiofur, Sulfa-trimethoprim, Tylosin,
  Tetracycline, Spectinomycin, Penicillin,
  Florfenicol, Tilmicosin, Gentamicin, Lincomycin,
  and Enrofloxacin
• Bismuth salts, Kaolin-Pectin, and Charcoal
• Flunixin meglumine (Banamine), and Aspirin
• Electrolytes

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Antibiotics in Milk / Replacer

• Oxytetracycline
• growth promoting
• treatment of E. coli diarrhea and Pasteurella
  pneumonia
• Neomycin
• Neomycin/Oxytetracycline
• Coccidiostats
• Trimethoprim-Sulfa

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Targeted Therapy To Reduce Antibiotic Use
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Targeted Therapy

• Do a quick assessment for fever, depression,
  appetite.

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Targeted Therapy

• Calf groups receiving conventional antibiotic
  treatment had twice as much diarrhea as those
  receiving targeted treatment.
• Calves receiving antibiotics in milk for 14 days
  had 30 more diarrhea compared to calves not
  receiving antibiotics in the milk.
• Calves receiving targeted therapy consumed more
  grain than calves receiving conventional therapy.
  

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Effective Antibiotic Use DDDR

• Right Drug for the bug.
• Right Dose.
• Right Duration of treatment.
• Right Route of administration.
• READ THE LABEL
• HAVE A Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship
  (VCPR) AND LABEL for extra-label drugs.

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But, When Calves Have Not Received Colostrum

• Antibiotics in Milk or replacer may be protective
  for calves less than 1 week of age but not later
  on.
• Treatment antibiotics help reduce death loss.

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Alternatives to in-Milk Antibiotics

• EnteroguardTM fructo-oligosaccharide.
• BioMos -- mannan oligosaccharide
• Live yeast.

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Feeding Colostrum Supplementfor First 14 Days of
Life
Colostrum supplementation post-closure of the gut
will decrease diarrheal disease on calf ranches
and increase weight gain in the first four weeks
of life.
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LEARNING TO PRESERVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
ANTIBIOTICS THROUGH RESEARCH
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Objective
Influence of arrival weight, season and calf
supplier on survival in Holstein beef calves on a
calf ranch in California, USA.
Dale A. Moore, William M. Sischo, David M. Festa,
James P. Reynolds, E. Robert Atwill and Charles
A. Holmberg

• The purpose was to describe some calf purchase
  factors associated with mortality in neonatal
  calves raised on a single large calf ranch.

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Results

• Risk factors for mortality within the first 4
  weeks after arrival on the ranch included
• body weight on arrival,
• month of arrival,
• and calf supplier.

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Assessing antibiotic resistance in fecal
Escherichia coli in young calves using cluster
analysis techniques.
Berge AC, Atwill ER, Sischo WM.
Objective
To compare and contrast clustering methods to
describe antimicrobial resistance patterns in
fecal Escherichia coli in dairy-origin calves
over the first 6 weeks of life.
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Results

• A set of 14 patterns was developed using
  clustering method.
• Set of E. coli isolates exhibited a limited set
  of resistance patterns.
• Certain resistant genes may be linked.

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Evaluation of flunixin meglumine as an adjunct
treatment for diarrhea in dairy calves.
Barnett SC, Sischo WM, Moore DA, Reynolds JP.
Objective
To assess the use of flunixin meglumine as an
adjunct treatment for diarrhea in calves.
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Results

• Calves with fecal blood and treated with 1dose of
  flunixin meglumine had fewer sick days and fewer
  antibiotic treatments.
• Calves without fecal blood did not benefit from
  flunixin.
• Calves with fecal blood and failure of passive
  transfer increased sick days.

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A clinical trial evaluating prophylactic and
therapeutic antibiotic use on health and
performance of pre-weaned calves.
A. C. B. Berge, P. Lindeque, D. A. Moore and W.
M. Sischo
Objective
To compare calf morbidity, mortality, and weight
gain in pre-weaned calves reared without
antibiotics for therapy and prophylaxis.
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Results

• Passive transfer of immunity from colostrum was
  the most important factor for morbidity and
  mortality.
• In-milk antibiotics delayed onset of morbidity,
  decreased overall morbidity, and increased weight
  gain.
• Non-antibiotic therapies were associated with
  increased mortality and morbidity vs antibiotic
  treatments.

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Animal and farm influences on the dynamics of
antibiotic resistance in faecal Escherichia coli
in young dairy calves.
A.C.B. Berge, E.R. Atwill and W.M. Sischo
Objective
To describe farm-type, antibiotic therapy and
calf-age influences on antimicrobial-resistance
patterns in faecal E. coli from pre-weaned dairy
calves during their first 6 weeks of life in
California, USA.
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Results

• E. coli from calves 2 weeks of age were more
  likely to be resistant to many more drugs than E.
  coli from day-old calves.
• E. coli from calves on calf ranches were more
  likely to be resistant to more drugs than those
  from dairies
• E. coli from calves within 5 days of sampling
  resistant to more drugs than E. coli from calves
  not exposed to antibiotics.

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Effect of feeding live yeast products to calves
with failure of passive transfer on performance
and patterns of antibiotic resistance in fecal
Escherichia coli.
Klibs N. GALVÃO, José E.P. SANTOS, Anelis
COSCIONI, Marcos VILLASEÑOR, William M. SISCHO,
Anna Catharina B. BERGE
Objective
To determine the effects of a live yeast product
added to the grain, milk replacer, or both on
performance, some health parameters, and patterns
of antibiotic resistance in calves with failure
of passive transfer.
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Results

• Calves fed live yeast in grain consumed more
  grain had higher weight gain prior to weaning.
• Feeding live yeast decreased diarrhea days.
• Failure of passive transfer calves showed
  improvements in performance when yeast was added
  to grain only.

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Field trial evaluating the influence of
prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial
administration on antimicrobial resistance of
fecal escherichia coli in dairy calves.
Anna Catharina B. Berge, Dale A. Moore, and
William M. Sischo
Objective
To describe the influence of in-feed and
therapeutic antimicrobials on resistance in
commensal fecal Escherichia coli isolated from
pre-weaned calves.
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Results

• Older calves had isolates with higher levels of
  resistance compared to day old calves.
• Individual antibiotic therapy increased
  resistance in isolates from these calves.
• Calves fed antibiotics had higher levels of
  multidrug resistant isolates

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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns
of Salmonella enterica in pre-weaned calves from
dairies and calf ranches.
Anna Catharina B. Berge, Dale A. Moore, William
M. Sischo, DVM
Objective
To evaluate serovar and antimicrobial resistance
patterns of Salmonella enterica isolated from
pre-weaned calves and identify management risk
factors associated with fecal shedding of S
enterica.
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Results

• Salmonella enterica was detected on gt50 of farms
  and in 7.5 of 3,686 fecal samples.
• Many isolates (33) were resistant to multiple
  antimicrobials.
• Shedding of Salmonella spp was associated with
• younger calf age,
• herds open to incoming cattle,
• no antibiotic supplementation in the milk
  replacer,
• prophylactic antibiotic treatment in day-old
  calves
• No associations with other farm management
  practices

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Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica
subspecies enterica serovar Dublin from dairy
source calves in the central San Joaquin Valley,
California during the years (1998-2002).
Anna Catharina B. Berge, Elizabeth Thornburg,
John M. Adaska, Robert B. Moeller, Patricia C.
Blanchard
Objective
Describe antimicrobial resistance patterns of
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar
Dublin (S. Dublin) in clinical submissions from
calves and time and farm-trends in resistance
patterns of the isolates.
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Results

• Over time decrease susceptibility to
• Florfenicol,
• Gentamicin,
• Neomycin,
• Sulfisoxazole,
• Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim,
• and Tetracycline.
• Between 1998-2002 a decreased susceptibility to
• Ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole/trim
  ethoprim.
• 20 different antimicrobial resistance patterns
  shows that S. Dublin has the ability to transfer
  and pick up resistance patterns.

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Take Home Messages

• Multi-drug Antibiotic Resistance in Dairy
  Source Calves.
• Good Management on Calf-rearing Operation.
• Alternatives to Antibiotics.

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Multi-Drug Antibiotic Resistance in Dairy-Source
Calves

• Highest in calves 2 to 4 weeks of ageand then
  decreases as the calves get older.
• Higher in calves getting antibiotics in grain or
  milk.
• Higher in calves that have previously been
  treated with antibiotics.
• Higher in calves getting antibiotics in milk
  replacer compared to grain.
• Lower when calf hutches are mechanically cleaned.
  
• Lower when scraping under hutches is preformed
  weekly compared to flushing or scraping between
  groups of calves.

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Good Management on Calf-Rearing Operations

• Giving sufficient, good quality colostrum
  immediately after birth.
• The most important factor associated with calf
  death is a lack of sufficient, good quality
  colostrum at birth.
• Minimizing movement of calves.
• Cleaning the calf environment.
• Optimizing nutrition.
• Treating only sick calves.
• Use of a quick physical exam to guide treatment.

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Alternative to Antibiotics

• Sufficient good quality colostrum given
  immediately after birth.
• Good quality feed (milk, milk replacer, starter
  grain).
• Probiotics.
• Antibodies (colostrum supplement) fed during
  first 2 weeks of life.
• Vaccines for disease prevention.
• If adequate colostrum is not given, the use of
  live yeast in grain can improve calf performance.

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Bottom Line

• Alternatives to antibiotics include
• good animal husbandry
• reducing exposure
• improving resistance

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Potential Goals for Calf-Raisers

• Less than 2 pre-weaning loss
• Save money on product costs
• Grow heifers that will perform
• Preserve effectiveness of antibiotics

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Calf Science Student Quizclick to continue
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In the U.S., animal antibiotic volume is
relatively ___________.
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66
In the dairy industry, most antibiotics are used
in ________________ and in ___________________.
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67
What are the three different ways that bacteria
develop resistance?
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68
From the National USDA study, average pre-weaning
losses are about ______.
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69
If a calf does not get enough colostrum, not only
does it lack specific antibodies, but it is also
likely __________.
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70
What componenets make up an effective colostrum
feeding program?
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71
You can check to see if calves received colostrum
by taking a blood sample and evaluating the
serum total proteins. The level you would most
like to see in the calves is ________________.
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72
Dystocia can not only result in stillborn calves,
but it can also result in _______________ which
can affect calf survivability up to 30 days of
age.
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73
Feeding a colostrum supplement for the first 14
days of life _________ diarrheal disease and
___________ weight gain for the first 4 weeks of
life in one study.
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74
A research finding was that when you clean calf
hutches by scraping or mechanically cleaning
between calves, you reduce levels of antibiotic
resistance by _______.
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75
Calf Science Student Quiz
Question Feedback/Review Information Will Appear
Here
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Additional Resources

• Come and check out what WSU Veterinary Medicine
  Extension has to offer on the calf science
  webpage
• http//www.vetextension.wsu.edu/programs/bovine/ca
  lfscience/index.htm
• You can find resources to calving management,
  colostrum, continuing education activities,
  drugs, pasteurization of milk, and other.

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References

• Influence of arrival weight, season and calf
  supplier on survival in Holstein beef calves on a
  calf ranch in California, USA.
• Assessing antibiotic resistance in fecal
  Escherichia coli in young calves using cluster
  analysis techniques.
• Evaluation of flunixin meglumine as an adjunct
  treatment for diarrhea in dairy calves.
• A clinical trial evaluating prophylactic and
  therapeutic antibiotic use on health and
  performance of pre-weaned calves.
• Animal and farm influences on the dynamics of
  antibiotic resistance in faecal Escherichia coli
  in young dairy calves.
• Effect of feeding live yeast products to calves
  with failure of passive transfer on performance
  and patterns of antibiotic resistance in fecal
  Escherichia coli.
• Field trial evaluating the influence of
  prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial
  administration on antimicrobial resistance of
  fecal Escherichia coli in dairy calves.
• Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns
  of Salmonella enterica in preweaned calves from
  dairies and calf ranches.
• Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica
  subspecies enterica serovar Dublin from dairy
  source calves in the central San Joaquin Valley,
  California during the years 1998-2002.

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Thanks to the following for supplying the photos
that were used in this presentation
Dr. Cat Berge
Dr. Dale Moore
And Marla Hartman
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WSU VETERINARY MEDICINE EXTENSTION !