Tackling MDGs Issues by JICA

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Tackling MDGs Issuesby JICA

• 14 December 2005
• Hiroto KAMIISHI
• Global Development Partnership Team
• Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

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MDGs Toward 2015
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JICAs Strategy for MDGs

• Human Security
• Capacity Development
• Infrastructure Development

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JICAs Strategy for MDGs

• Human Security
• Capacity Development
• Infrastructure Development

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Background of HS

• Rapid Globalization
• Increase in transnational threats such as
  terrorism, environmental degradation, the spread
  of infectious diseases (including HIV/AIDS),
  economic crises and civil wars
• Issues on Conflicts (the government itself can be
  the cause of threats )

Introduction of HS, focusing on individual
human beings
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What is Human Security? (1/2)

• To protect the vital core of all human lives in
  ways that enhance human freedoms and human
  fulfillment.
• Human Security Now
• Commission on HS (May, 2003)

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What is Human Security? (2/2)

• It also means creating systems that give people
  the building blocks of survival, dignity
  livelihood.
• Human Security Now
• Commission on HS (May, 2003)

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HS Japanese ODA

• Official Development Assistance (ODA) Charter
• ?One of 5 basic policies
• Medium-term Policy on ODA (revised in Feb. 2005)
  
• ?Substance, Core Principle of
• Development Assistance

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HS in Japans Policy on ODA

• Human security means focusing on individual
  people and building societies in which everyone
  can live with dignity by protecting and
  empowering individuals and communities that are
  exposed to actual or potential threats.
• (Japans Medium-term Policy on ODA
• Feb., 2005)

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Human security supports MDGs
MDGs
?Reference UDAPE
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• Reviewing
• Development Assistance, especially Poverty
  Alleviation from Human Security Perspective

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Freedom fromtwo interchanging threats

Fear (Conflict, terrorism, crime, disease
epidemics, environmental degradation, economic
crises natural disasters, etc.)
Want (Chronic poverty, hunger, lack of education,
health services, etc.)
Close Correlation
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What is the reality of people in vulnerable
situations?

• Recent findings through
  Participatory Poverty Assessments
• People greatly fear insecurity, which may be
  caused by the various shocks and risks (conflict,
  disaster, accident, etc.) to which they are
  continually exposed.
• The poor are more vulnerable to risks,which may
  deepen their poverty and threaten their lives.

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Challenges toward downside Risk

• Promotion
• Prevention/Mitigation
• Coping

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Vicious Circle of Want Fear (Shock/Risk)
Risk factors (External Shocks) Conflict, Natural
Disaster, Infectious disease, etc.
Coping
Prevention
Cut the link
Cut the link
Chronic Fear
Shock
Vulnerability
The vulnerable poor(Countries)
Promotion
Downside Risks Deepening Poverty
Downside Risks Deepening Poverty
Bottom Up
Human Development
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1. Promotion of Human Devt Enhancing Social
Opportunity- Improvement of Fundamental Capacity
with middle long term perspective -
"Promotion"

• Measures for Assistance..
• Pro-poor growth including employment creation and
  equal income distribution
• Expansion of public policy such as BHN
• Improvement and strengthening of governance

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2. Prevention/Mitigation of Fear / Risk-
Assistance tailored to risk by risk-
Prevention / Mitigation

• Measures for Assistance
• Conflict prevention efforts, including
  peacebuilding and safety
• Macroeconomic stabilization
• Protection of environment as well as challenges
  to eliminate the causes of environmental
  degradation
• Establishment of a disaster prevention system
• Prevention of infectious diseases beyond borders
• Coping with chronic violence

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3. Coping with Fear and Risk- Appropriately
addressing existing problems -
Coping

• Measures for assistance.
• Strengthening of social safety net
• Establishment of the government fund for
  emergency events, as well as legal preparation
• Focusing on and strengthening the roles of
  volunteers and the media
• In the case of Fragile States re-establishment
  of a functioning government

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JICAs Seven Principles of HS

• 1. Using a people-centered approach to reach
  those in need
• 2. Protection Empowerment
• 3. Placing emphasis on the most vulnerable
  people, whose survival, livelihood and dignity
  are at risk
• 4. Focusing both on freedom from want and
  freedom from fear.
• 5. Inter-sectoral approaches
• 6. Enabling both government (central local) and
  local communities/people to realize sustainable
  development for their countries
• 7. Cooperating with various actors

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Zambia Integrated Rural Devt under Zambia
Initiative

• Contents
• - Participatory integrated rural development,
  which reflect the request of the community
  people,
• - Activities related to agriculture, such as
  processing of agri. product, preservation,
  packaging, marketing etc.
• - Capacity Development of the govt.
• Period of cooperation starting from 2005

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Points from HS perspective

• Multisectoral approach, depending on the needs of
  the people,
• Contribution to alleviate the risks of conflict,
• Cooperation among various actors under the govt.
  Initiative

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Sierra Leone Children Youth Development
Program in Kambia District

• Contents
• Education care for the children who have
  suffered in the war at public school,
• Assist the parents and youth in literacy
  education, skill-training, sanitary education,
  promotion of cooperative activities, etc.

• Capacity Development of the Community and the
  Govt., having long term view for sustainable
  development

Period of cooperation starting from 2005
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Points from HS perspective

• Assist the people soon after the completion of
  the war,
• Education as a entry- point of restoration
  devt
• Consider long term devt., under cooperation with
  govt. and community,
• System which enlarge the effect in the pilot ward
  to other part of Kambia District

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JICAs Strategy for MDGs

• Human Security
• Capacity Development
• Infrastructure Development

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Human Security and Capacity Development
Upgrading Capacity of Governance (Protection,
Social Services)
Capacity Developent
Community
Direct Support to Community / People (Community
Empowerment)
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Key Concepts of CD
Technology Investment Knowledge
Technology Investment Knowledge
Existing Capacity (Ability to manage own affairs)
Capacity (Capital)
90-00s Capacity Development
Technical Transfer (60-70s) Capacity Building
(80-90s)
- Endogenous development based on existing
capacity - Knowledge creation process
- Import external capital and build new capacity
CD is an endogenous process and external actors
can only facilitate the process as an catalyst.
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Capacity Development
For Example,,,,
International Treaty
Environmental Regulations
Society Level(incl. Legal framework)
Market
Institution Level
Technical /legal Capacity of Organization
Public Attitudes to Environment
Individual Level
Individual Skills
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JICAs Strategy for MDGs

• Human Security
• Capacity Development
• Infrastructure Development

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Infrastructure Development 1/2
To Support MDGs AchievementMDGs - Infrastructure
as a vehicle to Realize Peoples Potential
As a Foundation of Basec Services, Guaranteeing
All People the Right to Live in Safety and Good
Health and Ultimately Helping Them Realize Their
Dormant Potentials by Self-Empowerment (JICA
2004)
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Infrastructure Development 2/2
Social Infrastructure(Health, Sanitation, Water
Supply, etc) Provide Basic Infra-Service for
Daily Life ? Promoting Peoples Activities
? Directly Contribute to Achievement of MDGs
Economic Infrastructure(Roads, Railways, Power,
etc) Support Economic Growth ? Guarantee
Sustainable Improvement of Quality of Peoples
Life ? Indirectly Contribute to
Achievement of MDGs
Example Local Feeder Roads Development ?Improveme
nt of Accessibility of Regional/Local Services
(Hospital, Schools, etc.) Goal 2, Goal 4,
Goal 5 Example 2
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Practices