Human Population and

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Human Population and the Environment
The most important environmental issue?
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TOTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
NUMBER OF PEOPLE
PER CAPITA
X
IMPACT
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DEMOGRAPHY
The scientific study of the characteristics in
the size and structure of human and non- human
populations
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HUNTERS AND
GATHERERS
Population 250,000 to few million
Low per-capita impact
Minimal alteration of environment
Growth rate 0.00011 annually
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EARLY, PREINDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE
11,000 - 400 BP (1600 AD)
Domestication of plants and animals
Settled villages
Population few - 500 million
Annual Growth rate 0.03
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1600 - 1965
Population 500 million to 3 billion
Disease prevention, vaccines, sanitation
Enhanced food production, improved shelter
Annual Growth rate of 2.1 by 1965
URBANIZATION
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MODERN ERA
1965 - Present
Rapid population growth
in low income nations
Annual growth now 1.2
URBANIZATION
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Increasing our Carrying Capacity
Figure 7.5
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Population Density
Figure 7.8
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Figure 7.15
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CRUDE GROWTH RATE

CRUDE BIRTH RATE
-
CRUDE DEATH RATE
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Fertility rate
Number of live births per 1000 women of
childbearing age
Age-specific fertility rate
of live births per 1000 women within a
specified age range
Total fertility rate
of children expected to be born to the average
woman in her lifetime
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TFR by Region
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(TFR)
CRUDE FERTILITY RATE
10.5
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• Total Fertility Rate can be controlled
• Quality education for both sexes and
• womens empowerment
• Social security for the aged
• Access to contraception and family
• planning
• Quality health care and low infant
• mortality rates
• Urbanization (children in school)

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Family Planning and TFR

• Nations that invested in family planning (green)
  reduced TFRs more than similar nations that did
  not (red).

Figure 7.17a
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Female Education and TFR

• Female literacy and school enrollment are
  correlated with total fertility rate
• More-educated women have fewer children.

Figure 7.16
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CANADA Population Dynamics
annually per 1000
10.5
Birth rate
6.0
Migration
7.7
Death rate
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US Population Dynamics
14.2
Birth rate
3.4
Migration
8.4
Death rate
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Latvia 8 Germany 9 Bulgaria 9 Slovenia
9 Estonia 9 Italy 9 Bosnia and
Herzegovina 9 Slovakia 10 Ukraine 10 Greece
10 Austria 10 Russia 10 Belarus
10 Czech Republic 10 Belgium 10 Spain
10 Romania 10 Andorra 10 Croatia
10 Luxembourg 10 San Marino 10 Japan
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COUNTRIES WITH LOW ANNUAL BIRTH RATE lt10.5 live
births per 1000 people
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Niger 49 Mali 47 Afghanistan 47
Chad 47 Uganda 46 Somalia 46
Angola 45 Liberia 45 Democratic
Republic of Congo 45 Burkina Faso 44
Malawi 44 Sierra Leone 43 Yemen
43 Benin 43 Guinea 42
Madagascar 42 Mauritania 42 Sao Tome and
Principe 42 Djibouti 40
COUNTRIES WITH HIGH ANNUAL BIRTH RATE gt40 live
births per 1000 people
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Malawi 24 Niger 23 Zambia 23
Swaziland 22 Ethiopia 21 Botswana 21
Zimbabwe 20 Namibia 20 Rwanda 20
Somalia 19 Mali 19 Uganda 18 Burkina
Faso 18 Mozambique 17 Guinea 17 Burundi
17 Afghanistan 17 Sierra Leone 17
Tanzania 17 Western Sahara 17 Chad 17
COUNTRIES WITH HIGH ANNUAL DEATH RATE gt16
deaths per 1000 people
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For a live update, see http//opr.princeton.edu/p
opclock/
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Figure 7.7
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Source Population concern
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Population growth rates, 1990-1995
Figure 7.3
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China One Child Policy
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Age structure Graying populations

• Chinas aging population will mean fewer
  working-age citizens to finance social services
  for retirees.

Figure 7.11c
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Age structure Graying populations

• Demographers project that Chinas population will
  become older over the next two decades.

Figure 7.11a,b
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Chinas natural rate of change has fallen
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Malnutrition has been a distribution
problem What does the future hold?
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Source Committee for the National Institute
for the Environment
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Per-capita availability of Resources peaked in
the 1960s and 1970s
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Low income countries with a food deficit
Source FAO
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
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HIV/AIDS and Human Population

• Infects 1 in 5 people in southern African nations
• Infects at least 5 million new people each year
• Kills babies born to infected mothers
• Has orphaned 14 million children
• Has cut 15 years off life expectancies in parts
  of southern Africa
• May inhibit demographic transition, leading to ?
  population

Figure 7.27
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POPULATION PYRAMID vs. INCOME
Source World Bank
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What is the population lag effect?
The population sometimes continues to rise after
fertility falls below the replacement level, due
to age distribution.
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Age structure
Figure 7.9
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Age structure Age pyramids

• Canada (left) has a much slower growing
  population than does Madagascar (right).

Figure 7.10
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Poorer countries will experience most future
population growth

• 98 of the population increase will occur in
  developing nations

Figure 7.20
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Figure 7.23
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The Wealth Gap

• The richest 20 of the worlds people consumes
  86 of its resources, and has gt80 times the
  income of the poorest 20.

Figure 7.25