Chapter 4 Energy, Chemistry, and Society part 2

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Chapter 4Energy, Chemistry, and Societypart 2
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Chapter 4Energy, Chemistry, and Society

• Energy, Work, and Heat
• Energy Transformations
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Moles (Sections 3.6-3.7)
• Estimating (Calculating)DHcomb
• Activation Energy

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Chapter 4Energy, Chemistry, and Society

• Coal
• Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Distillation
• Cracking
• Octane Rating
• Oxygenated blends
• Alternative Fuels BioMass

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Fossil Fuels(Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas)

• Formed over long periods of time from the remains
  of plants and animals under layers of sedimentary
  rock
• Nonrenewable Resource
• Fossils fuels are derived from organic compounds

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Organic Compounds Made mostly of C and H but
can contain small amounts of O, N, S, P, X

• CH4

4 H atoms and 1 C atom combine to form 1 CH4
molecule
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Coal Formation
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Coal Formation

• Formed under conditions of
• High Pressure
• High Temperature
• Oxygen Poor Environment

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Two Possible Ways for Decomposition

• Coal is formed by decomposition in an oxygen, O2,
  poor environment
• Normal, O2, rich decomposition of organic
  compounds
• C6H12O6 (s) O2(g) -gt CO2 (g) H2O (g) heat

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Coal Formation
Environmental Science Working with the Earth
10th Ed by G Tyler Miller, Jr, 2004, Brooks
Cole, p 491, Figure 19-20.
PEAT
LIGNITE
TIME
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Coal Formation
Environment 5th Edition by Raven and Berg John
Wiley and Sons, 2006, p233
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Coal Mining
1. Subsurface/Underground Mining
2. Surface/ Strip Mining
Environment The Science Behind the Stories by
Scott Brennan and Jay Withgott Pearson Education
Inc, 2005 page 542
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Issues with Coal

• Mining
• Purifying Coal
• Difficult to Transport Since its a Solid
• Combustion products CO2, SOx, NOx, precursor to
  acid rain formation

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Acid Mine Drainage
Living in the Environment Principles,
connections, and Solutions, 14th Ed by G Tyler
Miller, Jr, ThomsonBrooks/Cole, 2005, Figure
16-14, p344
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Petroleum (Crude Oil)

• Advantages
• Liquid Easily pumped and transported
• More concentrated energy source than coal
• Disadvantages
• Must be processed since its a mixture

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U.S. Petroleum use
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Oil Formation

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Oil Formation (continued)
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Oil and Natural Gas
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Petroleum Components
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Petroleum Components are Needed to Make Many
Products
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Petroleum Components are Needed to Make Many
Products
Chemistry An Environmental Perspective Buelll,
Phyllis and Girard, James Prentice Hall 1994,
p443
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Distillation Separates the Components of Crude
Oil Mixture

• As the number of carbons in petroleum substance
  increase boiling point increases
• Distillation separates petroleum mixture by
  different boiling points

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Distillation Separates the Components of Crude
Oil Mixture
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Fig.04.15
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Increasing the Amount of Gasoline from Petroleum
Mixture

• Cracking Reactions
• Catalytic Recombination

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Cracking Kerosene Molecules to Form Gasoline-
sized Molecules
C16H34
C8H18
C8H16

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Catalytic combination joins smaller molecules to
form a gasoline sized molecule
C2H4 C2H4
C2H4 C2H4
C8H16
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Octane Rating Describe the Amount of Knocking a
Fuel Undergoes When it is Burned
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Gasoline is Available in 87, 89, and 92 Octane
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Octane Rating Scale is Based on Heptane (OR-0)
and Iso-octane (OR100)
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Items that Increase Octane Rating

• Branches in Molecule
• Cracking and Catalytic Combination increase
  branching
• Oxygen in Molecule
• Octane Enhancers
• Lead before 1975
• Fuels with ORgt100 (methanol, ethanol, MTBE)

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Methyl tertiary-butyl ether MTBE
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Fossil Fuels
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Reasons to Stop Burning Fossil Fuels

• Greenhouse Gas Production
• Air Pollution / Acid Rain
• Compounds in Petroleum are the needed raw
  materials to make many compoundsplastics,
  pesticides, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, etc
• Fossil Fuels are Nonrenewable Resources

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Fig.04.23
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• Alternative Fuels and Alternative Energy Sources

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BioMass Fuels Organic Substance produced by
photosynthesis that can be used as a energy
source.
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Solid BioMass

• Direct Burning
• Standing Forest
• Energy Crops
• Waste
• Agricultural
• Urban

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Biomass EnergyEnvironmental Science, 9th Ed,
Richard T Wright, Prentice Hall, 2005, p 397
Direct Burning
Conversion
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Garbage Burning Power Plant
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Conversion of Biomass into Solid, Liquid, or
Gaseous Fuels

• Solid
• charcoal
• Liquid
• Ethanol/ gasohol
• Methanol/ biodiesel fuel
• Gas
• syn gas
• biogas digester

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Ethanol Advertisements
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Biodiesel
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BioGas Digester
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BioGas Digester
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Toyota Prius is a gasoline/battery hybrid car
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Hydroelectric Power PlantThree Gorges Dam in
China
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Hydropower

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Hydropower