Welcome to elearning session on WATER AND HEALTH 06CIV18 Water Induced Diseases

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Welcome to e-learning session onWATER AND
HEALTH (06CIV18)(Water Induced Diseases)
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Session 06 UNIT-III WATER AND HEALTH (Water
Induced Diseases)
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Water and Health

• Safe drinking water ? not available for 1.1
  Billion people in
• the
  world
• Majority of people ? seriously affected by
  preventable water
• and
  sanitation related diseases
• ? mainly urban
  poor and rural population
• Estimate Water related diseases ranges upto 2.2
  to 5 Million annually.
• People suffer from lack of safe drinking water
• Suffers lack of basic sanitation

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Water Related Diseases
Water Washed Water Related Water
Based People lack Diseases Water
Related access to safe Insect Vectors water
supply
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Table 1 Classification of Water Related Diseases

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Table 1 Classification of Water Related Diseases

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Description of Selected Water Borne Diseases
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Description of Selected Water Borne Diseases
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Description of Selected Water Borne Diseases
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Description of Selected Water Borne Diseases
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Description of Selected Water Borne Diseases
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Consequences of Water Related Diseases

• Individuals who are affected cannot work and
  cannot eat
• Exhausted savings
• Vulnerability of illness
• No productivity for them
• Tends to be more towards poverty

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Prevention and Solution

• Water Borne Diseases (W.B.D.)
• Improve public sanitation
• Provide clean water
• Two major steps to prevent W.B.D. - sanitary
  latrines
• - treatment of wastewater
• Water-Washed Diseases
• They can be controlled effectively with better
  hygiene with adequate water supply

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Prevention and Solution

• Water-Based Diseases
• Individuals can prevent infection from
  water-based diseases
• by washing vegetables in clean water and
  thoroughly cooking
• food
• Can refrain from entering infected rivers because
  many
• parasites bore through the feet and legs
• Area where guinea worm larvae is endemic, people
  can use a
• piece of cloth /nylon guage to filter out
  guinea worm larvae
• Irrigation channel and other constructed water
  ways, fast
• flowing streams make it more difficult for
  snails to survive

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Prevention and Solution

• Water Related Insect-Vector Diseases
• Eliminate insects that transmit diseases
• Use pesticides environmental effect
• Alternate Technique
• Introduce natural predators and sterile insects

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Prevention and Solution

• Water Related Insect-Vector Diseases
• Alternate Technique
• Example
• An important fish that eat mosquito larvae in
  bodies of water, while eliminating the use of
  insecticides altogether.
• Expensive Approach controlling insect vectors
  involves the use of polystyrenes spheres floating
  on the top of bodies of static water. Because
  the sphere cover the surface of the water, the
  mosquito larvae die from lack of air

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Prevention and Solution

• Another Way
• Using biological methods and habitat management
  to reduce
• or eliminate the natural breading grounds of
  the disease
• vectors.
• Such methods can include filling and draining
  unneeded
• bodies of stagnant water, covering water
  storage containers,
• eliminating mosquito breeding sites by
  periodically clearing
• canals, reservoirs and fish ponds, etc.

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Clean Drinking Water

• Clean drinking water is vital to reduce the
  incidence of
• disease and also to reduce malnutrition.
• Under Bharath Nirman, it is planned to cover
  55,000
• uncovered habitations before the end of 2009.
• Rural water supply is beset with the problem of
• sustainability, maintenance and water
  quality.

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Fluoride Problem in Drinking Water
Fluorosis Fluoride in water ? geological origin
High level of fluoride ? found at the foot of
high mountains
? early sea geological deposits
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Ingestion of Excess Fluoride

• Commonly in drinking water
• Teeth (dental) and bone (skeletal) fluorosis
• Moderate Long-term
• Dental effects much earlier
• Skeletal effects much longer and large amount
  of fluoride
• Clinical dental fluorosis ? staining and pitting
  of teeth ? decay of enamel.

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Dental Fluorosis
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Skeletal Fluorosis
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Ingestion of Excess Fluoride

• Chronic high level ? skeletal fluorosis
• ? fluoride
  accumulation in bone
• Early symptoms ? stiffness and pain in joints
• Severe cases ? ligaments may calcify
• ? impairment of
  muscles and pain

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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Ingestion of Excess Fluoride

• High level ? abdominal pain
• ? excessive saliva
• ? nausea and vomiting
• ? muscle pain may also
  occur

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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The Cause

• In drinking water more than 1.5 mg/L (including
  food, water and vegetables
• Interventions
• Supply less fluoride prone water
• Defluoridation may be the only solution
• Nalgonda Technique
• Modified Nalgonda Technique

Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore
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THANK YOU
Dr. H.S. Ramesh, Professor, Department of
Environmental Engineering, SJCE, Mysore