CHAPTER 3 FACTORS AFFECTING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1
CHAPTER 3 FACTORS AFFECTING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

• Nancy Getchell, Hui-Min Lee, Samuel Mackenzie

Made by Wang Yan
2

• 1.1 Understanding interacting factors
• 1.2 A look at nature VS nurture
• 1.3 Examining the influences of environment
• 1.4 Examining the influences of experience
• 1.5 Using interacting constraints in practical
  settings
• 1.6 Conclusion

3
1.1 Understanding interacting factors

• Two simple notions
• First, everything matters
• Second, everything changes

4

• Newells model of constraints

Individual
Functional
Structural
Task
Environment
Emerging and developing movements
Physical
Socio-cultural
Rules
Goals
Equipment
5
1.2 A look at nature VS nurture

• Nature
• the genetic effect
• Supportresearch on twins
• Nurture
• A simple model

Nervous System
Environment
Body
6
1.3 Examining Influences of Environment

• Feral Children (an extremely deprived environment
  )
• The story of Kamala and Amala makes for an
  interesting example of just how powerful
  environmental influence can be on our motor
  development.

7
Programs for Enhanced Motor Development

• Ideas
• changing environments
• enhance development
• The Mozart Effect
• listening to Mozart's music
• the development of spatial intelligence ?
• Suzuki method

8
1.4 Examining The Influence of Experience

• General Experience
• Definition General Experience which are non-goal
  directed, include movements such as arm flapping
  and spontaneous leg kicking.
• Function essential for the development of
  functional motor behaviors

9

• Specific Experience
• Definition Specific experience refers to either
  an experience that is particular to a certain
  task (called task-specific) or one that occurs
  during a certain time period known as a critical
  period.
• Function improving the performances of motor
  skills already exist, and advance the emergence
  of novel motor behaviors by providing
  experiences.

10
Critical Periods

• A critical period is a time period during which
  exposure to certain experiences (or environmental
  stimuli) is most likely to result in certain
  behaviors (Michel Moore, 1999).

11

• Characteristics
• not absolutely
• not very clera
• broad periods

12
Active experience and Passive Experience

• Active experience
• self-produced
• Passive Experience
• not actively engaged in performing the action
• Appropriate experience is important

13
1.5 Using Interacting Constraints inPractical
Settings

• Body Scaling
• a study of grasping (Newell, Scully,
  Tenenbaum, Hardiman, 1989).
• Constraints-based Task Analyses (CTA)
• How to destine a CTA and use it?

14
1.6 Conclusions

• Many different factors or constraints affect
  motor development.
• Neither our genetic makeup nor our environment
  fully shapes our motor development
• Both exert their respective effects throughout
  multiple levels of organization that constitute
  the developing organism

15

• Parse out the different roles of constraints and
  how they might influence developmental change.
• Identify the task and environmental constraints
  most important to the individuals

16

• Modify equipment, rules, goals, or physical
  dimensions in order to improve the motor
  performance and enhance developmental change over
  time

17
Thanks a lot!