Factual Presentation

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Factual Presentation

• Reforms and Critiques of Schooling, Curriculum,
  and Instruction The 1960s and 1970s
• Gutek Chapter 8

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Context
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Main Trends

• Attempts at raising standards of basic
  education
• Humanistic / Romantic Critics
• Open Education Movement
• De-schooling society
• Neo-conservative Movement

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Attempts at raising standards of basic education

• Curricular Innovations
• Organization and Staffing Innovations

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Raising standards through Curricular Innovations
MACOS (Man A Course of Study) - discovery
method - comparison with animals - controversial
topics
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Raising standards through Curricular Innovations

• New Math
• - method discovery approach
• - content sets, structure, logic, and axiomatic
  proofs
• - greater academic preparedness in teacher
  colleges

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Think Like a Mathematician?
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Raising standards through Curricular Innovations

• Morris Kline's Why Johnny Can't Add The Failure
  of the New Math
• gtgt not enough research with divergent groups
• gtgt precise language results in expanded
  terminology
• gtgt abstraction feasible for only top 1/3
• gtgt neglectful of fundamental computational skills

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Organization and Staffing Innovations

• Commission on the Experimental Study of the
  Utilization of the Staff in the Secondary School,
  of the National Association of Secondary School
  Principals
• gtgt charged to solve the secondary school teacher
  shortage
• gtgt began in 1955, directed by J. Lloyd Trump
• gtgt part of the educational establishment
• gtgt focused on schools, not larger social issues
• gtgt reform by incremental changes

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Organization and Staffing Innovations

• gtgt subprofessionals
• gtgt educational technologies (CC-TV,FM)
• gtgt independent leaning centers in libraries,
  laboratories

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Organization and Staffing Innovations

• In 1961, over 1000 school implementing these
  ideas

• team teaching
• independent study
• large- and small-group classes
• flexible scheduling
• use of teacher assistants and subprofessionals
• new instructional technologies
• more open architecture

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Main Trends

• Humanistic/Romantic Critics

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John Holt

• gtgt outside the establishment
• gtgt ex-teacher
• gtgturged freedom and liberation instead of
  bureaucracy
• gtgt belief in children
• gtgt teacher rules and interventions restrict
  eagerness to experiment
• gtgt children should be able to construct their own
  knowledge base

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Main Trends

• Open Education Movement

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Open Education Movement

• gtgt British Primary School
• gtgt 1968-1973 National Association of independent
  Schools sponsor workshops
• gtgt reform from elementary schools instead of
  universities

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Open Education Movement

• Charles Silberman
• gtgt lecturer in economics at Columbia University
• gtgt director of the Carnegie Commission's Study of
  the Education of Educators
• gtgt analysis of schooling in larger social
  contexts
• gtgt found America's overly-formal schools to be
• grim, joyless, and oppressive and
• intellectually sterile

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Main Trends

• De-schooling Society

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De-schooling Society

• Ivan Illich
• Founder of the Center for Intercultural
  Documentation in Mexico

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De-schooling Society
Deschooling Society published in 1971 attacked
gtgt unending consumption gtgt transfer of
Western institutions Closing schools is part of
a the de-institutionalizing of western society
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Main Trends

• Neo-Conservative
• Trends

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Neo-conservative Trend

• gtgt opposed unstructured and permissive classrooms
• gtgt stressed primacy of skills and subject matter
  sequence
• gtgt strong leadership
• gtgt clear goals