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Theme 5: Multiculturalism

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Different cultures are differently valued and valuations are inherited in traditions. Those representing highly valued cultures define how the fixed demarcations ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Theme 5: Multiculturalism


1
Theme 5 Multiculturalism
  • Modern citizenship
  • Conservative multiculturalism(related to the
    cultural universalism)
  • Liberal multiculturalism culture of differences
  • The problem of recognition
  • Multiculturalism of recognition
  • Critical aspects included in multiculturalism of
    recognition
  • Multicultural subjects and multiculturalism
  • Dimensions of cultural understanding

2
Modern citizenship an agreement
  • Modern citizenship is defined politically under
    the rule of state power
  • as an association of individuals
  • To be a citizen is to transcend ones ethnic,
    religious and other particularities and to enjoy
    equal status with other citizens
  • The status of s citizen is not based, in
    principle, on the membership of castes, clans,
    tribes (or other ethnic groups) or estates
  • The status is based on the social contract
    between the ruler and the those having political
    rights for citizenship

3
The state of citizenship social and cultural
dimensions
  • The state of citizenship is defined as
    politically constituted by individuals as
    principally equals
  • Citizenship is culturally composed of different
    elements of social particularities (social group
    classifications)
  • Strategies for tolerating different culturally
    appreciated and socially categorised values of
    identity groups are demanded inside the
    boundaries of modern communities
  • Cultures contain tendencies both towards global
    diversity and towards global uniformity

4
Conservative multiculturalism(related to
cultural universalism)
  • Cultures are seen basically different
  • Basic differences are grounded by and included in
    ethnic (racial) origins of national cultures
  • Borderlines between different cultures are fixed
    and stable
  • Different cultures are differently valued and
    valuations are inherited in traditions
  • Those representing highly valued cultures define
    how the fixed demarcations are formed
  • Only valuable cultural qualifications are
    included in the accumulation of cultural capital

5
Inclusion - exclusion
  • Cultural fields of action are defined according
    to the competent management of symbolic
    qualifications
  • Inclusive criteria are used to the acceptation of
    the membership
  • Inclusive processes are means for integration ?
    acculturation ? assimilation
  • Exclusive criteria are used to define
    representatives of different (other) cultures and
    the components which do not fit in with the
    membership categories
  • Marginalisation is a discriminative strategy
    between cultural inclusion and exclusion at the
    cultural field of action
  • Actors in the cultural field are positioned
    according to evaluative principles
  • Relations between actors (subjects) are defined
    by terms of power and dependency

6
Liberal multiculturalism culture of differences
  • The basic idea cultures are many and each of
    them has its distinctive character as based on
    the relative (anti-essential) conception of
    cultural identity
  • The need for different cultural domains like
    identity-groupings and sub-cultures is increasing
  • Specified fields of action (habitats, identity
    positions )are distinctive to every
    characteristic group
  • Culturally identified groups are multiplying
  • e.g. gender-aspect
  • Class-based feminism - connected to marxism
  • Feminism as an ideology against patriarchy
  • Ethnically reasoned feminism white and black
    feminism
  • Post-feminism queer identities, hybrid
    identities etc.

7
Cultural boundaries
  • Continuous redistribution of cultural resources
    according with the self-articulated needs of
    specific interest groups
  • Continuous boundary-formation between old and new
    groupings
  • The problem of ghettoism minorities are defined
    as placed into margins of cultural fields
  • Gated communities (see e.g. Morley Belongings
    a place, space and identity in the mediated
    world, EJCS no.4, vol.4 2001)
  • Diaspora-identities

8
Cultural recognition
  • Specific problem included in the presumption of
    equal respect for each cultural diversity
  • At the point at which liberal discourse attempts
    to normalize cultural difference, to turn the
    presumption of equal culture into the recognition
    of equal cultural worth, it does not recognize
    the disjunctive, borderline temporalities of
    partial, minority cultures (see Bhabha
    Cultures in-between)
  • Charles Taylor The politics of recognition means
    the respect for other cultures than ones own
  • The problem of tolerance admitting a place for
    cultures of others how to accept an equal
    placement for the others
  • without marginalising the positions of minorities
  • without seeing the others from above

9
Multiculturalism of recognition
  • Multiculturalism as a political process
    continuous renegotiating of social space of
    action
  • Social groups are enabled (formed and reformed)
    at arenas of contestation of the cultural value
    of identities
  • Borderlines of identities are movable and
    changing according to both the interests of
    acting subjects and their power positions
  • Cultural articulations (expressions,
    performances, products) are used to transform the
    power balance at the social field of activities

10
Principles of cultural democracy
  • The democratic principle of best articulation of
    interests ? communicative competency of the
    participants (Habermas)
  • Deliberative democracy
  • Importance of initiatives for discussing meanings
    of representations to have a voice for
    articulating interests
  • Rights of minorities for opinion expression ?
    participation to decision making from the ground
    of majority commitments

11
Critical aspect included in multiculturalism of
recognition
  • Multiculturalism of recognition contains demands
    for continuous critics to identities as fixed
    formations
  • Transformations are incorporated in values
    represented by culturally movable identity groups
  • Cultural identities are reformulated in political
    contestations and negotiations
  • when boundaries of identities are defined anew in
    displacements of identities
  • who belong to us (as member-citizens)? who
    represent opposite interests as outsiders?
  • when the power balance is shifted in the field of
    political actions
  • certain (new) cultural minorities are allowed to
    argue their interests for having citizen rights

12
Multicultural as adjective
  • Multicultural (adjective) refers to individual
    properties like attitudes, tastes and capacities
  • Multicultural/cosmopolitan lifestyles are
    products of cultural diversity
  • Multicultural expressions, performances or
    products (theatre, musical pieces, food etc.)
  • Multicultural entrepreneurships and companies

13
Multiculturalism as noun
  • Multiculturalism (substantive) refers to
    philosophical (ideological) orientation towards
    the world
  • Multiculturalism as a cultural mosaic implicates
    the coexistence of different cultural variants,
    (shifting) boundaries between the parts and the
    importance of seeing the whole picture
  • Multiculturalism as hybrid cultural formation
    implicates the fusion of different cultural
    variants
  • Multiculturalism considers (and contains more and
    more) social and political dimensions of cultural
    diversity

14
Dimensions of cultural understanding -a
methodological summary
  • Culture as based on universal truth cultural
    ontology
  • Culture as based on objective facts
    objectivism, cultural realism
  • Culture as based on relative standpoints
    (positions) of cultural subjects (individuals,
    groups) cultural relativism
  • Culture as based on subjective considerations
    (taste, pleasure) cultural subjectivism
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