Overview: linguistics and phonetics

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Overview linguistics and phonetics

• Theoretical Linguistics
• Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics,
  Phonetics(?)
• Applied Linguistics
• Language Acquisition
• Language Processing
• Human, Machine
• Sociolinguistics
• Historical linguistics
• Phonetics(?)

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What is phonetics?

• Phonetics
• Studies of speech sound
• Interests of Phonetics
• Produced by human vocal organs
• Excluding thunder, bird chirping etc.
• Produced for communication purpose
• Excluding coughs, hiccups, sneezing, gnashing,
  etc.
• Linguistically meaningful sounds
• Used for pronouncing words

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What is phonetics? (cntd.)

• The speech sounds vary depending upon languages
• (eg. Click sounds are speech sounds for Swahili,
  but not for English or Korean)

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Types of Phonetics

• Articulatory Phonetics
• Auditory Phonetics
• Acoustic Phonetics

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Phonetics vs. Phonology

• Common properties
• Studies on Sound Structure
• Pronunciation instead of orthography

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Phonetics vs Phonology (differences)
Phonetics Phonology
Level of grammar Surface, concrete Deep, abstract
Closely related to Acoustics, physics, biology Linguistics
Philosophical relevance Performance Competence
Status of speech Consecutive, temporal Segmental
Basic unit Phone Phoneme
Transcription method Narrow Broad
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Phonetics and its Application

• Relevant fields
• Speech technology
• Speech synthesis
• Speech recognition
• Automatic translation
• Speech pathology
• Language teaching

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Meanings and Distinction of Basic Terminology

• Phone
• Phoneme
• Allophone
• Morpheme
• Allomorph
• Contrast

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Phone
• The minimal unit of speech sound
• Different phones have different quality
• Depending upon physical quality of sounds
• A substantial surface entity
• Transcribed in (eg. p, m)

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Phoneme
• The minimal unit that distinguishes meaning
• Phonemes do not carry meanings themselves.
• The unit that makes the connection between sound
  and meaning
• The basic unit of the contrast in phonology
• An abstract entity
• Transcribed in / / (eg. /p/ /m/)

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Allophone (phonetic variant)
• Segments which are derived from the same phoneme
• Reflects relationship between phoneme and phones
• Gives a criterion for speech sound grouping
• Guess to which allophone is closer, phoneme
  or phone?

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Examples for phone/phoneme/allophone
• Consider sounds in the words
• goose, geese, glee, glue
• pine, speak, stop

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Phonemes and allophones are language dependent
  concepts
• English and Korean liquids
• English and Korean stops
• Voicing
• Manners

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Terminology (cntd.)

• How to distinguish phonemes from phones(or
  allophones) in a language
• Minimal pair
• Two word strings which has only one segmental
  difference at the same position
• (Eg. vine/pine, though/dough)
• Complementary distribution
• Mutual exclusiveness
• Different allophones of the same phoneme do not
  occur in the same linguistic environment

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Morpheme
• The minimal unit that bears meaning
• Compare with phoneme
• Variants of the same morpheme
• Different morphemes have different meanings but
  may sound the same -gt Homophone (homonym)
• Eg. tea/tee, flower/flour, too/two

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Allomorph
• Two different forms derived from the same
  morpheme
• The same meaning
• Eg. leaveslivz/leaflif

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Terminology (cntd.)

• Contrast
• The fact that different phonemes distinguish the
  words of a language from one another
• Eg. p vs b
• Opposition, distinction

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Speech Physiology

• Contents
• Vocal organs
• Three processes of speech production
• Initiation
• Phonation
• Articulation

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Initiation

• To make sounds air is necessary
• Initiation is the process of creating air stream
• Three ways of initiation
• Pulmonic airstream mechanism Lung
• Glottalic airstream mechanism Glottis
• Velaric airstream mechanism velum

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Phonation

• To produce speech sounds, air stream should be
  distorted in one way or another
• Phonation is a process of changing air stream
• Phonation is mainly achieved at larynx

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Principal speech organs

• Lung, Trachea(windpipe)
• Larynx
• Vocal folds (chords, cords)
• Glottis
• Vocal tract
• Pharynx
• Nasal tract
• Oral tract

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Larynx

• The upper portion of the windpipe which produces
  speech
• Major components
• Vocal cords
• Glottis
• epiglottis
• Three cartilages
• Thyroid, Arytenoid, Cricoid

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Larynx midsagittal view
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Larynx lateral view
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Larynx posterior view
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Vocal cords
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Articulation

• A variety of speech sounds can be produced in
  terms of another way of air stream change
  Articulation
• Articulation is done mainly somewhere at vocal
  tract

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English Consonants

• Criteria for distinction
• Voicing
• Place of articulation
• Manner of articulation
• Secondary articulation

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Voicing

• Related to phonation
• Voiced
• Vocal cords vibrating
• Voiceless
• Glottis kept open
• Examples
• p, t, k, s

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Places of articulation

• bilabial
• labiodental
• interdental
• (apico)dental
• alveolar
• alveopalatal (postalveolar, palato-alveolar)

• palatal
• (dorso)velar
• uvular
• pharyngeal
• glottal

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Manners of articulation

• Obstruents
• stop (plosive)
• complete closure
• release
• fricative
• partial obstruction
• turbulence airflow
• affricate
• stop fricative

• Sonorants
• nasal
• liquid
• lateral
• central
• flap(tap)
• trill (eg. French uvular trill R)
• approximant

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English Consonant chart
Bi-labial Labio- dental Inter- dental Alveolar Alveo- palatal Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p/b t/d k/g ?
Fricative f/v ?/ð s/z š/ž h/?
Affricate c/??
Nasal m ? n ?
Liquid (lateral) l ?
Liguid (central) r(?)
Flap ?
Glide (w) y(j) w
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Describing symbols

• voicing-place-manner
• examples
• p voiceless bilabial stop
• z voiced alveolar fricative
• Class description
• p, t, k voiceless stops

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English Vowels

• Criteria for distinguishing between various
  vowels
• tongue height
• tongue backness
• tenseness
• lip rounding
• nasality
• length

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Vowel(monophthong)
front front central central back back
unr rnd unr rnd unr rnd
high tense
high lax
mid tense
mid lax
low
low
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Vowel(monophthong) chart IPA symbols in
brackets
front front central central back back
unr rnd unr rnd unr rnd
high tense ?? ? ??
high lax ?? ??
mid tense ?? ?/? ? ??
mid lax ?e ?/? ? (??)
low ? ? (?) ?? ?
low ? (?) ?? ?
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Diphthongs

• Definition
• A diphthong is a phonetic sequence, consisting of
  a vowel and a glide, that is interpreted as a
  single vowel.
• Types
• On-glide diphthong Glide Vowel
• Off-glide diphthong Vowel Glide

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Diphthongs(cntd.)

• Examples of on-glide diphthongs

a ? i ? u ?
j
w
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Diphthongs(cntd.)

• Examples of on-glide diphthongs

a ? i ? u ?
j ya ja y? j? yi ji y? j? yu ju y? j?
w wa w? wi w? wu w?
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Diphthongs (cntd.)

• Examples of off-glide diphthongs (American
  English)
• midwestern dialect
• a? e? a? ?? ??
• California dialect
• a? a? ??
• See
• http//www.ling.mq.edu.au/courses/ling210-901/cour
  se/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Diphthongs.html

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Diacritics for secondary articulation
articulation diacritic example words
aspirated C? pin, repeat
glottalized C? spin, string
unreleased C? stop, kick
devoiced C? play, hush
dentalized C? tenth, cupful
palatalized Cj(Cy) keep, beep
labialized C? cool, boot
velarized C?, ? table
syllabic C C? button, bottle
nasalized v? mean, nose
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Describing symbols

• voicing-(place 2nd)-place-(manner 2nd)-manner
• examples
• p voiceless bilabial stop
• ph voiceless bilabial aspirated stop
• py voiceless palatalized bilabial stop
• phy voiceless bilabial aspirated stop