Unit 4 U'S' Foreign Affairs 18121850s Chapters 1214

1
Unit 4U.S. Foreign Affairs1812-1850sChapters
12-14

• Empire as a way of life?

2
The Impulse for ExpansionPresidents View

• GW called the new nation a rising empire
• J. Adams destined to occupy all of the northern
  part of this quarter of the globe and when
  accomplished would be a significant achievement
  for mankind
• TJ vast territory that would provide room enough
  for the descendents to the thousandth and 10
  thousandth generation
• J. Madison extend the sphere, extend the
  republic as one great respectable and flourishing
  empire

3
Early events and issues

• Louisiana Purchase
• War of 1812
• Conquering indigenous Nat. Am.s
• War with Mexico

4
Manifest Destiny

• Belief in American Destiny to inhabit from Ocean
  to Ocean
• Used to rationalize Foreign Policy
• Ease guilty conscience of taking someone elses
  land
• Create National Unity and to Inspire Citizens
• Counter Criticisms from other Nations

5
Manifest Destiny issues among Americans

• Farmers and those wishing to become landowners
• Manufacturers seeking resources
• Investors seeking profitable investments
• Belief that our civilization was biologically and
  culturally superior
• Politicians and Military seeking ways to increase
  security relative to other naations

6
The War of 1812

• Events leading up to and Causing WAR
• Conflict between whites and Nat. Am. Blamed on
  British
• Chief Tecumsehs raids in the Indiana Territory
• Future President defeats Ch. T _at_ the Battle of
  Tippecanoe in 1811
• British Seizing American Ships
• Impresment of sailors

7
The War Hawks

• Defeat of Ch. T coincided with the convening of
  Congress
• New Congressman were Dem-Rep from west and south
• Highly Nationalistic labeled WAR HAWKS
• Led By H. Clay and J.C. Calhoun favored punishing
  British for naval practices

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HAWKS contd

• Also wanted to seize lands from Nat. AM. In west
  and South
• Drive British from Canada
• Annex Florida from Spain
• Opposition came from Federalists (Anglophiles)

9
Federalist reaction to Hawks

• Hartford Convention
• Discussed strategies for reducing the power of
  the southern and western Dem-Rep

10
Military Operations

• U.S. declares war with an Army of less that
  10,000 troops and a Navy of less than 20 ships
• Fortunately Britain was again invloved with
  France
• 3 invasions of Canada failed
• Had surprisingly great Navy success in the Great
  Lakes

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Contd

• W.H.H. defeated CH.T. at the battle of the
  Thames, killing Ch.T. in the process
• Andy Jackson defeated the Creeks at the Battle of
  Horseshoe Bend and then proceeded to slaughter
  women and children.
• Both Victories neutralized Nat. Am. Ability to
  fight with British.

12
Contd

• After American troops burned down the city of
  York, Canada
• British Troops invade Washington D.C. and proceed
  to burn the White House down.
• Marched north to Baltimore and lost at the Battle
  of Ft. McHenry. Francis Scott Key writes star
  spangled banner.

13
Treaty of Ghent

• Christmas of 1814 both sides agree to Armistice
  and agree to negotiate issues that led to war
• A. Jackson _at_ the Battle of New Orleans defeated
  the British in a lopsided victory that occurred
  after the signing of the treaty?????
• A. Jackson solidifies his fame and paves the path
  to the Presidency.

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Effects of the War

• U.S. Economy was devastated
• Lg. Areas of capital destroyed
• Nation won foreign respect for military
  capabilities
• Nationalism intensified
• Federalists and New England discredited
• Military careers launch political careers of
  Jackson and Harrison
• 2 yrs. Later agree to dmz the great lakes and
  cohabitate in Oregon territory for 10 yrs.
• Adams-Onis treaty buy Florida for 5 million

15
The Monroe Doctrine

• After Napoleonic Wars European powers met in
  Vienna.
• Decided to restore Monarchies and Gov.s that had
  collapsed or overthrown by Napoleon.
• This concerned the U.S. Believed that Spain
  would try to restore Spains control over South
  America.

16
President Monroe Announces to the World

• Admonished Euros from colonizing Western
  Hemisphere
• To do so would be a threat to American National
  Security
• Stay out of Our business and we will stay out of
  yours.

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Historian Respone

• 1. Argue that Monroe Doctrine was expression of
  Manifest Destiny
• 2. In order to dominate W. Hemi U.S. had to
  eliminate Euro influence
• 3. Subsequent Presidents have added to the
  Monroe Doctrine, and played a role after WWII.

18
Trail of TearsThe Plight of the Cherokee

• White America Objective was to move all tribe
  west of Miss. River. Cherokee being 1
• 1827 tribal leaders est. a constitution and
  declare independence.
• Georgia declares action unconstitutional and asks
  for Fed. Help. In removing rebellious Cherokee
• Discovery of GOLD helps hurry this along

19
Pres. Jacksons Role

• Known for not having compassion towards Nat.
  Ams.
• Signs Indian Removal Act of 1830
• 2 court cases Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia and
  Worchester vs. Georgia led to Chief Justice
  Marshall to decide that no state law had
  authority within Cherokee Territory

20
Jacksons response to Marshall

• John Marshall has made his decision, now let him
  enforce it.
• Marshall does not use his authority to enforce
  his judgement
• Cherokee and other tribes are forced to walk from
  there lands to Eastern Oklahoma.
• 1,000s die from the conditions and treatment.

21
Texas Independence

• In 1821 Mexico gains Indep. From Spain
• Entices immigrants to come to Mexico with land
  ownership opportunities
• Southerners by the 1,000s flock to Mexico with
  chance to own land
• Stephan Austin led may families himself

22

• In 1829 Mexico requires all settlers to convert
  to Catholicism and abolishes slavery
• 1834 dispute came to a head when General Antonio
  de Santa Anna proclaimed himself dictator of
  Mexico
• Started to enforce laws on settlers of Northern
  Mexico
• In response the settlers declared their
  independence from Mexico
• 1836 created a Gov. and selected Sam Houston as
  commander of the Texas military
• Initial skirmishes led to Mexican victory

23
Remember the Alamo

• 1836, fortified mission The Alamo 1,500 Texans
  faced off against over 10,000 Mexican soldiers.
• Everyone was killed and became the rallying cry
  of the independence movement
• Houston defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of San
  Jacinto and in the process captures Santa Anna
• Victory guarentees Texas Independence
• More than10 yrs. Later Texas annexed by the U.S.

24
The Mexican-American War

• Not satisfied w/ acquiring Texas President James
  Polk wanted to acquire Cali. And New Mexico
• Polk resorted to sending troops to a disputed
  area near the Nueces and Rio Grand rivers after
  attempts to peacefully acquire the land
• Hostilities erupt between American and Mexican
  troops

25
Military Action

• U.S. Army supported by poorly trained and
  ill-disciplined troops ( some who commit
  horrible atrocities)
• By 1847 troops take complete control of the
  Southwest
• After Many U.S. victories capture the Mexican
  capital.

26
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848

• Mexico recognizes areas north of Rio Grande
  American territory
• Mexico cedes Cali and New Mexico for 15 million
• U.S. assumes 3 million in Mexican debt owed to
  citizens
• 1853 Gadsden purchase buys strip of land from
  Mexico for 10 million to finish acquiring N.A.
  land and allowed to finish southern trans-cont.
  R.R.