Scope of Environmental Impacts

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Scope of Environmental Impacts
Materials
Materials
Materials
Materials
Life- Cycle Stages
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Raw Materials Extraction
Chemical Processing
Product Manufacturing
Use, Reuse, Disposal
Pollution Control
Pollution Control
Wastes
Wastes
Wastes
Wastes
Midpoints
Human health and ecosystem damage
global warming
ozone depletion
smog formation
acidifi- cation
ecological harm
Endpoint
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U.S. Energy Flows, 1997
Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy
Information Administration, Washington, DC,
DOE/EIA-0384(97)
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Efficiency of Primary and Secondary
EnergyExample Problem 1.3-1
Determine the efficiency of primary and secondary
energy utilization for both incandescent and
fluorescent lamps of equal brightness (1200
lumens). Assume the following efficiencies in
the energy conversion

• crude oil to fuel oil is 90
• fuel oil to electricity is 40
• electricity transmission and distribution is 90
• Incandescent light 75 W bulb is 7.2
• Fluorescent light 20 W tube is 27

Lighting accounts for about 20 percent of all
electricity consumed in the United States
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Global Warming and Related Impacts
Energy
Materials
Cause and Effect Chain
Products
Chemical Processing
greenhouse gas emissions CO2, CH4, N2O
Contribution to global Warming Phipps, NPPC,
http//www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/
Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge
University Press, 1996.
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Amount of CO2 Produced
Calculate the amount of CO2 produced over the
lifetime of a 20W compact fluorescent lamp and
compare this to a 75W incandescent lamp. Examine
the costs. Assume the following
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Answer to CO2 production
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Stratospheric Ozone and Related Impacts
Cause and Effect Chain
Energy
Materials
Products
Chemical Processing
ozone depleting substances CFCs, HCFCs
human mortality or life adjustments ecosystem
damage
Toxics Release Inventory Data
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Smog formation and related impacts
Cause and Effect Chain
Energy
Materials
Products
Chemical Processing
human/ecological damage from O3 and other oxidants
NOx and volatile organic substances
1 - Chemical Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum
Related Industries
NOx
VOCs
NOx
1997
Miscellaneous
3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial
Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage
Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal Recycling
Transportation
Industrial Processes
VOCs
1997
Fuel Combustion
National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report,
1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, http//www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter
2.pdf
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Acid rain / Acid deposition
Cause and Effect Chain
Energy
Materials
Products
Chemical Processing
human/ecological damage from H and heavy metals
SO2 and NOx emission to air
SO2
1997
Miscellaneous
1 - Chemical Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum
Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing 4 -
Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent
Utilization 6 - Storage Transportation 7 -
Waste Disposal Recycling
Transportation
Industrial Processes
Fuel Combustion
National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report,
1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, http//www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter
2.pdf
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Human Health Toxicity
Energy
Materials
Products
Chemical Processing
Transport, fate, exposure pathways routes
Human health damage carcino- genic non...
Toxic releases to air, water, and soil
EPCRA Toxic Waste
RCRA Hazardous Waste
Allen and Rosselot, 1997
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Risk Assessment Important Questions (Ch 2)

• What are the risks associated with a chemical,
  manufacturing process, or use of a product?
• How is risk quantified by professional risk
  assessors?
• Is risk assessment used by government agencies to
  regulate industry? (Yes!)

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RISK
Voluntary Risk Natural Disasters Involuntary
Risk
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Hazards Noncarcinogenic
Sources MSDSNIOSHIRIS (EPA)ToxNet
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), Threshold
Limit Value (TLV), No Observable Adverse Effects
Level (NOAEL), Reference Dose (RfD), Reference
Concentration (RfC)
http//www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris/index.html
www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/pgdstart.html
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Hazards Carcinogenic
Sources IRIS (EPA)ToxNet
Slope Factor (SF) Weight of Evidence (WOE)
classification
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Dose/Response

• How large a dose causes what kind of effect?

Effective Dose (reversible)
Toxic Dose (irreversible)
Lethal Dose
Crowl and Louvar, Chemical Process Safety
Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice Hall,
1990
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Risk Assessment New for ChEs at start of
process
Exposure
Hazard
Risk
X

Concentration in Air, Water Soil (g/m3)
Human Health Ecosystem Effects
Transmission Rate(m3/s)
Duration (s)
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Exposure Assessment (Ch 6)

• Occupational Exposure- exposure to people in the
  workplace
• Community Exposure- exposure outside the
  workplace
• Different modeling approaches and assumptions
• Exposure Assessment Methodology - Community
  Exposure
• 1. Identify all waste stream components and
  concentrations
• 2. Estimate release rates to the air, water, and
  soil
• 3. Choose proper exposure pathways (through
  environment) and routes (into humans)
• 4. Determine exposure concentrations at the point
  of exposure to humans using measurements or an
  environmental fate and transport model

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Exposure Assessment - cont.
Multiple pathways are possible
Exposure Routes 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3.
Dermal (skin)
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Risk Characterization
Carcinogenic Risk Example (inhalation route)
Exposure Dose (mg/kg/d)
Result excess cancers per 106 cases in the
population 10-4 to 10-6 acceptable
Dose - Response Relationship, Slope Factor
(mg/kg/d)-1
Exposure Factors CR contact rate (m3 air
breathed / day) EF exposure frequency (days /
yr) ED exposure duration (yr) BW body weight
(kg) AT averaging time (days) - 25,550 days for
carcinogenic risk
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Risk Example Problem
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Solution for Solvent Selection Example
Part A from high to low risk by Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL) Solvent VP PEL diethylamine
30.1 25 monomethyl ether 1.3 25 furfuryl
alcohol 0.1 50 n-butyl acetate 1.3 150 methyl
ethyl ketone 12.1 200 ethyl acetate 12.6 400
Part B from high to low risk by Vapor
Pressure Solvent VP PEL diethylamine 30.1 25 ethy
l acetate 12.6 400 methyl ethyl
ketone 12.1 200 monomethyl ether 1.3 25 n-butyl
acetate 1.3 150 furfuryl alcohol 0.1 50
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Environmental Regulationsthe Regulatory Process
(Ch 3)
Environmental Laws Clean Air Act of 1970
Rule Making publish proposed regulations
in the Federal Register receive
public comment on proposed regulations
publish regulations in the Federal
Register
Administrative Agencies US Environmental
Protection Agency
Environmental Regulations National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
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Environmental RegulationsChanges Over Time
Major Laws/Amendments
Environmental Regulations
Bishop, Pollution Prevention Fundamentals and
Practice, McGraw-Hill, 2000
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The Manufacture of Chemicals The 9 essential
environmental regulations
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Discharges to Air, Water, and Soil The 9
essential environmental regulations
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Clean-up, Disclosure, and Pollution Prevention
The 9 essential environmental regulations