TRM 431 International Organisations Fall 20092010

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TRM 431 International OrganisationsFall
2009-2010

• Lecturer Burçin Hatipoglu
• Meeting Times Tuesdays 4th hour and Thursdays
  5th and 6th hours

These slides are prepared by the lecturer using
the below sources Pease(2008), International
Organizations 3rd Ed. United Nations official
website European Union officail website
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Chapter 1 and 2

• International Organizations
• Traditionally considered as formal organizations
  whose members are states.
• The new definition includes the study of
• Intergovernmental Organizations
• Nongovernmental Organizations
• Multinational Organizations
• Institutions, Laws and Regimes

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Role of International Organizations

• Nation-States retain their position as the
  primary political unit of international
  relations.
• International Organizations perform some very
  useful functions
• Provide the means of cooperation among states
• This cooperation provides advantages for a large
  number of states
• Over 20,000 IGOs and 100,000 NGOs

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International Organizations

• Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO)
• Formal organizations whose members are states
  UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
  EU.
• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO)
• Nonprofit private organizations that engage in a
  variety of international activities Greenpeace,
  Red Cross
• Multinational Organizations (MNC)
• For-profit firms that have subsidiaries in two or
  more countries and engage in transnational
  production activities GM, IBM, Coca Cola

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Intergovernmental Organizations

• Ancient Greece
• Congress Of Vienna (1815-1822)
• Established to sustain order and stability after
  the Napoleonic Wars.
• A forum for collaboration on European security
  and commerce

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Intergovernmental Organizations

• League of Nations (1919-1939)
• Established after World War I
• First 20th century multipurpose IGO, Universal
  membership
• Organized around The Council, Assembly and
  Secretariat
• International Labor Organization (ILO) human
  conditions of labor, international labor
  standards
• Importance idea of collective security, peaceful
  settlement of disputes, foster international
  cooperation in economy and social issues.

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United Nations

• Established after WW II
• Follows the principles of League of Nations
• Purpose
• Maintain international peace and security
• Develop friendly relations among nations
• To address economic, social, cultural and
  humanitarian problems
• To promote respect for universal human rights

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United Nations

• Who can join?
• Any state can belong
• There are 192 Member states as of 2008.
• Complementary Principles
• Equality of all members
• Obligation to settle disputes peacefully
• No to threaten in international relations
• Nonintervention in the domestic jurisdiction of
  states

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(No Transcript)
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United Nations

• Structured around six principal organs
• General Assembly
• Security Council
• International Court of Justice
• Economic and Social Council
• Secretariat
• Trusteeship Council

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UN-General Assembly
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UN

• General Assembly
• Address issues related to security
• Initiating studies for political cooperation and
  development of international law.
• Promote international cooperation in the
  economic, social, cultural, educational and
  health fields
• Draft and approve UN budget
• Oversees UN bureaucracy

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UN

• Security Council
• Maintain international peace and security.
• Decisions are binding on member states.
• Limited Membership
• Permanent France, the Republic of China, the
  Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United
  States
• Elected Ten Members

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UN The Economic and Social Council

• Economic Development
• Human Rights
• Social Welfare
• Initiates reports, make recommendations for
  protecting human rights, prepare draft
  conventions relating to economic and social
  issues, call international conferences.

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UN

• Will UN continue to have a role in diplomacy?
  Challenges
• Resource difficulties US-UN tensions
• Difficulties in protecting personnel
• Lack of a state leadership

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UN

• UN Reform- Sep 2005 World Summit
• Tension between US and other powerful members
• Conflict between industrialized and developing
  countries
• Disagreement on the future direction of the UN
• Not much agreed upon
• Creation of Peace building Commission and Human
  Rights Council

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European Union

• After World War II
• Original Goal Economic and Political Integration
  of fifteen European states
• Ten new states joined in 2004, two states joined
  in 2007.
• Represents highest degree of economic, political
  and social integration in the modern world.
• Represents 500 million citizens

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The European Union 493 million people 27
countries
Member states of the European Union
Candidate countries
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The area of the EU compared to the rest of the
world
16 889
9327
9159
4234
365
Japan
EU
China
Russia
United States
Surface area, 1 000 km²
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European Union History

• Paris Treaty (1951) France and Germany merge
  steel and coal industries.
• European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) formed
  (1952) Italy and Benelux countries joined the
  Paris Treaty.
• Treaty of Rome (1957) creation of European
  Atomic Energy Cooperation (EURATOM) and European
  Economic Community (EEC).
• 1967 ECSC, EURATOM and EEC shared five
  institutions.
• 1979 European Community
• 1992 European Union (EU)

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Eight enlargements
1952
1973
1986
1981
1990
1995
2004
2007
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EU Institutions

• The EU operates through a hybrid system of
  intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. In
  certain areas it depends upon agreement between
  the member states. However, it also has
  supranational bodies, able to make decisions
  without the agreement of all national
  governments.
• The European Council
• The Council of Ministers
• The European Commission
• The European Parliament
• The European Court of Justice

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Three key players
The European Parliament- voice of the
peopleJerzy Buzek, President of the European
Parliament The council of Ministers- voice of
the Member StatesJavier Solana,
Secretary-General of the Council of the European
Union and High Representative for Common Foreign
and Security Policy The European Commission-
promoting the common interestJosé Manuel
Barroso, Presidentof the European Commission
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EU Challenges

• Current EU Goals
• Single European Act called for elimination of
  all internal barriers to trade in goods and
  services by 1992.
• Maastricht Treaty the implementation of the
  common currency, Euro. Military and political
  integration.

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Euro

• The Euro has been the European currency for
  international transaction since 1999, replaced
  domestic currencies since 2001.
• UK is not using Euro. 12 of the original fifteen
  states are using the Euro. In total fifteen
  states use Euro.
• There are concerns about Euros value against the
  US dollar, counterfeiting and the loss of
  millions of dollars worth of undeclared income
  from Europes underground economy.

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The euro a single currency for Europeans
Can be used everywhere in the euro area 4Coins
one side with national symbols, one side
common 4Notes no national side
EU countries using the euroEU countries not
using the euro
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EU Common Foreign Policy

• Maastricht Treaty has been slow in achieving its
  mission.
• Denmark and UK do not agree with the monetary and
  the political union.
• The integration of the twelve new members is a
  challenge for EU.
• In 2005, France and Netherlands opposed the
  proposed EU constitution.
• The possible membership of Turkey is a challenge
  for EU.
• U.S war in Iraq and War on terrorism divides the
  EU.

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Membership of Turkey

• Geographically considered not in Europe
• Greece, Austria strongly oppose the inclusion of
  Turkey
• Muslim population
• Original EU constitution referred Christianity as
  a core value

• Secular, democratic government
• Crossroads between Europe and Asia
• Economically very strong
• Strong trade partnership with Europe.

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The Organization of Islamic Conference

• OIC created in 1969 by 24 Islamic States
• Unified Muslim response to the Israeli policies
  after the Arab-Israeli War, occupation of
  Jerusalem.
• Members are very diverse, governs 1 billion
  Muslims.

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OIC
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The Organization of Islamic Conference

• Goal To safeguard their people and Muslims.
• Strengthen Islamic solidarity
• Consolidate Cooperation among members states in
  social, cultural and scientific fields
• Safeguard the Holy places
• Support the struggle of the Palestinian people
• Eliminate racial discrimination and all forms of
  colonialism

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OIC Challenges

• Difficulties in coordination
• Geographically dispersed (Africa, Asia, Middle
  East, Southeast Asia)
• Politically diverse. (Islamic Republics,
  Monarchies, Democracy, Military Dictatorships)
• National Income differences (Richest like Saudi
  Arabia and poorest Afghanistan)

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OIC Challenges

• The unifying force is Islam. Aims to protect the
  Islam from Western materialism.
• Palestinian-Israeli crisis, Arab-Israeli crisis,
  the Bosnian Crisis, Kashmir, Iraq and Afghanistan
  crisis.
• 2006, Danish newspaper published offensive
  cartoons of Prophet Mohammed. OIC took a unified
  stand on the issue.
• Greatest challenge is the Sep 11 attacks since
  2001.OIC condemned the attacks on US but Iran,
  Iraq and Syria have also condemned the US.

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Nongovernmental Organizations

• NGOs have multiple origins, purposes and
  resources
• Can serve specific purposes Int. Olympic
  Committee
• Can be Multipurpose Organizations Catholic
  Church
• Can be Social Welfare Organizations Doctors
  without Borders
• Professional Organizations International Chamber
  of commerce

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NGOs

• Financing from
• Private sources such as membership fees,
  investment earnings, charitable contributions
  from individuals and businesses.
• Public Sources such as governments and IGOs.
• Some NGOs are very powerful because of their huge
  budgets like some of the religious organizations
  in the US or Doctors Without Borders.

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NGOsThree Different Roles in World Politics

• Information Related Activities
• Gather Information
• Share Information with states, IGOs, MNCs
• Provide expert Analysis, publish reports,
  establish standards, guidelines and regulations

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NGOsThree Different Roles in World Politics

• Carry out policies of States and IGOs
• Bring immediate humanitarians assistance to
  persons displaced by natural disaster, civil
  disorder, violent conflict or war.
• Work on continuous basis with people in poverty,
  disease and starvation.
• NGOs face difficulties in delivering this
  functions such as opposition from religious
  groups, ethnic groups and wars.

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NGOsThree Different Roles in World Politics

• Private Interactions
• Bring together groups and individuals
• Host conferences for exchange of information
• Awards grants for research

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Power of NGOs in World Politics

• NGOs are seen as the conscience of the world
  influencing the moral development of states, IGOs
  and civil society.
• NGOs provide vehicles for individuals to
  participate in world politics outside of their
  individual nation-states.
• Enables a broader range of participation.

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Multinational Corporations

• Private, profit organizations that have
  operations in more than one country.
• Their existence is very controversial.
• Their history goes back to East India Company
  (Late 17th Century). Headquartered in London with
  offices in Netherlands, The Americas, China,
  southeast Asia and India.

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MNC

• Agriculture and Extractive Industries Dole (US),
  Ulker (Turkey)
• Financial Services HSBC (HongKong), Fiba Holding
  (Turkey)
• Industrial Corporations Sony(Japan), IBM (US),
  Mercedes (before German, now US), Arcelik
  (Turkey)
• General Service Companies McDonalds, ATT (US).