Chapter Overview

1
Chapter Overview

• Managing Data Storage
• Creating Dynamic Disks
• Implementing Storage Quotas
• Managing Compression and Encryption

2
Managing Data Storage

• Microsoft Windows 2000 supports two types of disk
  storage basic and dynamic.
• Each hard disk must be either basic or dynamic
  you cannot use both storage types on the same
  disk.
• If a computer has more than one hard disk, you
  can use either basic or dynamic storage on each
  hard disk.

3
Using Basic Storage

• Basic storage is the traditional industry
  standard for hard disk drive management.
• In basic storage, the hard disk is divided into
  partitions.
• Partitions function as physically separate
  storage units.
• Windows 2000 recognizes two types of partitions
  primary and extended.
• Partitions must be formatted with a specific file
  systemNT file system (NTFS), file allocation
  table (FAT), or FAT32.
• By default, all disks (including newly installed
  disks) are basic disks.

4
Using Basic Storage (Cont.)

• You must perform several tasks to prepare a basic
  disk to store data.
• 1. Initialize the disk to use the basic storage
  type.
• 2. Create partitions on the disk.
• 3. Format the partitions on the disk.

5
Understanding Partition Types

• A basic disk can be divided into primary and
  extended partitions.
• A basic disk can contain up to four primary
  partitions, or up to three primary partitions and
  one extended partition, for a maximum of four
  partitions.
• Only one of the partitions on a basic disk can be
  an extended partition.

6
Basic Disk Partition Types
7
Primary Partitions

• The active partition is a specially marked
  primary partition that contains the boot files to
  start the operating system.
• The system partition is the active partition that
  contains the hardware-specific files needed to
  load the operating system.
• The boot partition is the primary partition or
  logical drive where the operating system files
  are installed.

8
Extended Partitions

• An extended partition is created from free space
  that remains on a disk after the primary
  partitions are created.
• A disk can have only one extended partition.
• You do not format extended partitions or assign
  drive letters you divide them into segments
  called logical drives.

9
Selecting a File System

• Windows 2000 supports three file systems
• NTFS used when file-level and folder-level
  security, disk compression, disk quotas, or
  encryption is required
• FAT used when dual booting with another
  operating system (such as Microsoft Windows 98)
  is required
• FAT32 used when dual booting with another
  operating system (such as Windows 98) is required

10
Using the Disk Management Snap-In

• You can use the Disk Management snap-in to
  perform most Windows 2000 storage management
  tasks.
• To access Disk Management, you can use either of
  these methods
• Use the Computer Management console in
  Administrative Tools.
• Add the Disk Management snap-in to a custom
  Microsoft Management Console (MMC).

11
The Disk Management Snap-In
12
Viewing and Updating Information

• You can view and update information for a disk or
  volume by using the Disk Properties dialog box.
• Information you can view and update in this
  dialog box includes
• Disk number
• Disk type
• Disk status
• Disk capacity

13
Refresh and Rescan Disks Commands

• Use Refresh to update the drive letter, file
  system, volume, and removable media information.
• To update this information, on the Action menu,
  select Refresh.
• Use Rescan Disks to update hardware information.
• To rescan, on the Action menu, select Rescan
  Disks.

14
Managing Disks on a Remote Computer

• Use Disk Management to manage disks on a remote
  computer running Windows 2000.
• You must be a member of the Administrators group
  or Server Operators group on the remote computer.
• Use Computer Management to connect to the remote
  computer. Then open Disk Management and perform
  disk tasks on the remote computer.

15
Creating Partitions

• When using basic storage, the first step in
  preparing a disk for use is to create one or more
  partitions on it.
• If you start a Windows 2000 installation with a
  clean hard disk, the setup program creates the
  first partition on the disk (an active primary
  partition) for you.
• After Windows 2000 is installed, you can use the
  Disk Management snap-in to create additional
  partitions.
• After you create a partition on a basic disk, you
  cannot modify its size or convert between primary
  and extended partitions without deleting the
  partition and re-creating it.

16
Selecting a Partition Type
17
Specifying the Partition Size
18
Assigning a Drive Letter or Path
19
Formatting a Partition
20
Creating Logical Drives

• If you create an extended partition on a disk,
  the Create Partition Wizard only creates the
  partition and displays it as Free Space in the
  Disk Management snap-in.
• Before you can use a new extended partition, you
  must use Disk Management to create one or more
  logical drives on the extended partition, as
  follows
• 1. Open Disk Management.
• 2. Right-click the extended partition, and then
  click Create Logical Drive.

21
Creating a Logical Drive
22
Formatting

• Before data can be stored on a volume, the volume
  must be formatted.
• To use Disk Management to format a new volume or
  to reformat an existing volume
• 1. Open Disk Management.
• 2. Right-click the volume, and then select
  Format.

23
The Format Dialog Box
24
Converting FAT to NTFS

• Use Convert.exe to convert a volume from FAT (or
  FAT32) to NTFS without having to reformat the
  volume or erase the data.
• Run Convert.exe from a Windows 2000 command
  prompt, using the following syntax
• Convert volume /FSNTFS /V
• Replace volume with the drive letter of the
  volume you want to convert.

25
Lesson Summary

• Windows 2000 supports two types of disk storage
  basic and dynamic.
• All disks use basic storage by default.
• Before you can store data on a disk, you must
  partition the disk.
• There are two types of partitions primary and
  extended.
• Use Disk Management to perform most storage
  management tasks on both basic and dynamic disks.

26
Creating Dynamic Disks

• Dynamic storage gives you greater storage
  management flexibility than basic storage does.
• In dynamic storage, you create a single partition
  that includes the entire disk, and then you
  divide the disk into volumes.
• Dynamic storage replaces the primary partitions,
  extended partitions, and logical drives used in
  basic storage with more flexible and extensible
  volume types.
• You create a dynamic disk by upgrading a basic
  disk.

27
Changing the Storage Type

• You can upgrade a disk from basic storage to
  dynamic storage at any time, with no data loss.
• When a basic disk is upgraded to dynamic storage,
  basic disk partitions, stripe sets, and volume
  sets are changed to dynamic disk volumes.

28
Basic Disk to Dynamic Disk Conversion Parameters
This Basic Disk Organization Becomes This Dynamic Disk Organization
System partition Simple volume
Boot partition Simple volume
Primary partition Simple volume
Extended partition Simple volume for each logical drive and any remaining unallocated space
Logical drive Simple volume
Volume set Spanned volume
Stripe set Striped volume
29
Upgrading Basic Disks to Dynamic Disks

• A disk to be upgraded to dynamic storage must
  contain at least 1 MB of free space.
• If you are dual booting with another operating
  system, that operating system will no longer run
  after the conversion to dynamic storage. Only
  Windows 2000 can access a dynamic disk.
• Always back up data on a disk before converting
  the storage type.
• To use Disk Management to upgrade a basic disk
• 1. Open Disk Management.
• 2. Right-click the disk you want to upgrade, and
  then click Upgrade To Dynamic Disk.

30
The Disks To Upgrade Dialog Box
31
Reverting to a Basic Disk from a Dynamic Disk

• You can revert to a basic disk only after all
  volumes and data have been deleted from a dynamic
  disk.
• To use Disk Management to revert to a basic disk
• 1. Open Disk Management.
• 2. Right-click the dynamic disk you want to
  change.
• 3. Click Revert To Basic Disk.
• Once the system drive is converted to a dynamic
  disk, if you change it back to a basic disk you
  must reinstall Windows 2000.

32
Understanding Volume Types

• After you convert basic disks to dynamic storage,
  you can create Windows 2000 volumes.
• You can create three types of volumes on dynamic
  disks
• Simple volumes
• Spanned volumes
• Striped volumes

33
Working with Simple Volumes

• A simple volume consists of part or all of the
  disk space from a single hard disk.
• After you create a simple volume, you can format
  it with NTFS, FAT, or FAT32.
• When a simple volume is formatted with NTFS, the
  simple volume can be easily extended.

34
Creating a Simple Volume

• To create a simple volume
• 1. Open Disk Management.
• 2. Right-click an unallocated area of the dynamic
  disk, and then click Create Volume to launch the
  Create Volume Wizard.
• 3. Use the Create Volume Wizard to complete this
  task.

35
The Select Volume Type Page
36
The Select Disks Page
37
Extending a Simple Volume

• After you create a simple volume and format it
  with NTFS, you can increase its size if
  unallocated space is available on the disk.
• To extend a simple volume
• 1. In Disk Management, right-click the simple
  volume you want to extend, and then click Extend
  Volume.
• 2. Use the Extend Volume Wizard to complete this
  task.

38
Working with Spanned Volumes

• A spanned volume consists of disk space from
  multiple (2 to 32) dynamic disks, joined together
  into a single data storage unit.
• The areas of free space can be different sizes
  and located anywhere on the disks.
• Windows 2000 writes data to spanned volumes by
  filling up all allocated space on one disk before
  proceeding to the next one.
• Spanned volumes help you to use the total
  available free space on multiple disks more
  effectively.
• Spanned volumes do not provide fault tolerance.

39
Creating a Spanned Volume

• To create a spanned volume
• 1. Open Disk Management.
• 2. Right-click an unallocated area of the disk,
  and then click Create Volume.
• 3. Use the Create Volume Wizard to complete this
  task.

40
Specifying the Disks to Add to a Spanned Volume
41
Extending and Deleting Spanned Volumes

• You can extend any spanned NTFS volume (except
  the system volume or the boot volume).
• You cannot extend FAT or FAT32 volumes.
• You cannot delete any portion of a spanned volume
  without deleting the entire volume.

42
Working with Striped Volumes

• A striped volume combines areas of free space
  from multiple (2 to 32) dynamic disks and
  provides better performance than other volume
  types.
• Windows 2000 writes data evenly across all the
  disks in a striped volume in 64-KB units.
• Striped volumes do not provide fault tolerance.  
• You cannot extend a striped volume.
• You use the Create Volume Wizard in Disk
  Management to create a striped volume.

43
A Striped Volume
44
Lesson Summary

• In dynamic storage, you create a single partition
  that includes the entire disk, and then you
  divide the disk into volumes.
• You create a dynamic disk by upgrading a basic
  disk.
• You can create three types of volumes on dynamic
  disks
• Simple volumes
• Spanned volumes
• Striped volumes
• You use Disk Management to upgrade disks and to
  create and manage volumes on dynamic disks.

45
Implementing Storage Quotas

• A disk quota is a limitation on the amount of
  disk space a user can occupy on an NTFS volume.
• Windows 2000 allows administrators to set disk
  quota limits and warning levels for all users or
  for individual users.

46
Understanding Windows 2000 Disk Quota Management

• Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a
  per-user, per-volume basis.
• The characteristics of disk quotas are as
  follows
• Disk space usage calculations are based on a
  user's file and folder ownership.
• Compression is ignored when hard disk space usage
  is calculated.
• The free space that Windows 2000 reports is the
  amount of space remaining in the user's disk
  quota limit.

47
Setting Disk Quotas

• You can enable disk quotas and configure warning
  levels for all users at once or for individual
  users.
• To enable disk quotas for all users
• 1. In Windows Explorer, right-click an NTFS
  volume, and then click Properties.
• 2. Click the Quota tab, select the Enable Quota
  Management check box, and then configure the
  options on the tab.

48
The Quota Tab
49
Determining the Status of Disk Quotas

• Determine the status of disk quotas by viewing
  the traffic light icon in the Properties dialog
  box for a volume.
• Red light indicates that disk quotas are
  disabled
• Yellow light indicates that Windows 2000 is
  rebuilding disk quota information
• Green light indicates that the disk quota system
  is active

50
Monitoring Disk Quotas

• You can use the Quota Entries dialog box to
  monitor the amount of disk space occupied by
  users of a volume.
• This dialog box displays
• The amount of hard disk space each user occupies
• The warning threshold and disk quota limit for
  each user
• Users who are over their warning threshold
• Users who are over their disk quota limit

51
Lesson Summary

• Disk quotas are limits you can impose on the
  amount of disk space users can use on an NTFS
  volume.
• You can impose disk quotas for all users at once
  or for one or more individual users.
• When quota management is enabled, Windows 2000
  monitors the disk space usage for all users,
  whether or not quotas are enforced.

52
Managing Compression and Encryption

• Windows 2000 supports both compression and
  encryption of files and folders stored on NTFS
  volumes.
• You can use compression to store more data on a
  volume.
• NTFS encryption and compression are mutually
  exclusive. You cannot configure both compression
  and encryption on the same file or folder.

53
Using Compressed Files and Folders

• Each file and folder on an NTFS volume has a
  compression state compressed or uncompressed.
• Windows 2000 NTFS compression automatically
  compresses files and dynamically uncompresses
  them as needed.
• The compression processes are transparent to
  users.

54
Compressing Files and Folders

• To compress files or folders
• 1. In Windows Explorer, right-click the folder or
  file, select Properties, and then click Advanced.
• 2. Select the Compress Contents To Save Disk
  Space check box, click OK, and then click Apply.
• 3. In the Confirm Attribute Changes dialog box,
  choose one option
• Apply Changes To This Folder Only
• Apply Changes To This Folder, Subfolder, And
  Files

55
Copying and Moving Compressed Files and Folders

• Specific rules determine whether the compression
  state of files and folders is retained when these
  files and folders are copied or moved within or
  between NTFS and FAT volumes.
• Copying a compressed file might cause performance
  degradation.

56
Using NTFS Compression

• Best practices for using compression
• Select file types to compress based on
  anticipated compressed file size.
• Do not store compressed files in a compressed
  folder.
• Use a different display color for compressed
  files and folders.
• Compress static data, rather than data that
  changes (or is copied or moved) frequently.

57
Understanding EFS

• The Microsoft Encrypting File System (EFS)
  provides encryption for data in files stored on
  NTFS volumes.
• EFS can be implemented from Windows Explorer or
  from the command line.
• You can also use group policies to enable or
  disable EFS for a computer, domain, or
  organizational unit (OU).
• Use EFS to encrypt data stored on an NTFS volume
  only EFS cannot encrypt data for transmission
  over a network.

58
Understanding EFS (Cont.)

• Some of the key features of EFS are
• Transparent encryption
• Strong protection of encryption keys
• Integral data recovery
• Secure temporary and paging files

59
Encrypting

• Compressed files cannot be encrypted, and
  encrypted files cannot be compressed.
• After you encrypt a folder, when you save a file
  in that folder, the file is encrypted by using
  file encryption keys.
• Encrypted files cannot be shared.

60
Recommended Method of Encrypting Files

• Create an NTFS folder.
• Encrypt this folder as follows
• a. Click the General tab in the folder's
  Properties dialog box.
• b. Click Advanced, and then select the Encrypt
  Contents To Secure Data check box.
• Place the files you want encrypted in this
  folder.

61
Decrypting

• Once decrypted, the file or folder can be shared.
• To decrypt a file or folder
• 1. Right-click the file or folder in Windows
  Explorer, and then, in the General tab of the
  Properties dialog box, click Advanced.
• 2. In the Advanced Attributes dialog box, clear
  the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data check box.

62
Using the Recovery Agent

• The recovery agent uses a special certificate and
  associated private key that permit data recovery.
• If the owner's private key is unavailable, a
  person designated as the recovery agent can open
  the encrypted file by using his or her own
  private key.
• The default recovery agent is the administrator
  of the local computer unless the computer is part
  of a domain.
• In a domain, the domain administrator is the
  default recovery agent.

63
Lesson Summary

• Windows 2000 supports compression and encryption
  of files and folders stored on NTFS volumes.
• NTFS compression and encryption are mutually
  exclusive.
• Compression and encryption are configured in a
  file or folder's Properties dialog box.
• If the owner's private key is unavailable, the
  recovery agent can open the encrypted file.