How Microprocessors Work

1
How Microprocessors Work

• Daryl Ngan
• Travis Beardslee
• Chris Morgan

2
Overview

• Inside a Microprocessor How it thinks
• Computer Memory How it stores data
• Program Instructions Tell it what to do

3
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division
• Comparison
• Logic Operations

OPERAND A
RESULT
OPERAND B
CONTROL
4
Pipelining

• Assembly Line
• Specialization
• Dont Waste Resources

5
Pipelining Fetch Stage

• Get Instruction From Memory
• Store In Instruction Register

FETCH
DECODE
EXECUTE
Instruction 1
6
Pipelining Decode Stage

• Determine Instruction Type
• Get Necessary Data
• Setup ALU

FETCH
DECODE
EXECUTE
Instruction 2
Instruction 1
7
Pipelining Execute Stage

• Perform Required Operation
• Store Result In Result Register

FETCH
DECODE
EXECUTE
Instruction 3
Instruction 2
Instruction 1
8
Memory

• Stores Data and Instructions
• Communicates With Microprocessor
• System Bus

MICRO-PROCESSOR
SYSTEM BUS
MEMORY CHIPS
9
Random-Access Memory (RAM)

• Scratch Pad
• Stores Data and Programs During Execution
• Only Retains Data While Powered On

10
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• Instruction Manual
• Data Doesnt Change
• Used When System Starts

11
Instructions

• Drill Sergeants
• Written By Programmers
• Relatively Simple

12
Instructions - Decoding
01 [phone] x111

• Composed of Fields
• Like Telephone Numbers

CALL NETWORK ADMIN IN EEB B10
ADD REG16, REG1, REG8
REG16 REG1 REG8
13
A Simple Program

• Calculate Sales Tax
• - Reg1 has 7.75
• - Reg2 has Subtotal
• - Reg4 will have Grand Total
• MULT 3, 2, 1
• ADD 4, 2, 3
• OUT 4, MONITOR

14
Conclusion

• How it Thinks
• How it Stores Data
• Tell it What to Do

15
Questions