Problem 44

1
Problem 44

• To insert your company logo on this slide
• From the Insert Menu
• Select Picture
• Locate your logo file
• Click OK
• To resize the logo
• Click anywhere inside the logo. The boxes that
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• Use these to resize the object.
• If you hold down the shift key before using the
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• Ashley Johnson
• January 18, 2002

Organic Chemistry
2
Activators

• Strong to
• moderate activating substituents
• NH2,
• Weakly activating substituents (alkyl, aryl, and
  CHCHR)

• Donate e-s by resonance and withdraw e-s
  inductively
• Alkyl sub. donate e-s inductively aryl CHCHR
  groups donate and withdraw through resonance.
  

3
Deactivators

• Weakly deactivating substituents (halogens)
• Moderate to strongly deactivating substituents
  (carbonyl groups, ammonium ions)

• Donate e-s by resonance and withdraw e-s
  inductively (para/ortho)
• Withdraw e-s both inductively and by resonance
  (except for the ammonuim ions) meta directors
  

4
Column II

• OH strongly activating
• Br weakly deactivating
• NH3 strongly deactivating
• CH2CH3 weakly activating
• NO2 strongly activating

5
Column I

• OH, CH2CH3, Br, NO2, NH3
• a. X donates electrons inductively but does not
  donate or withdraw electrons by resonance.
• b. X withdraws electrons inductively and
  withdraws electrons by resonance.
• c. X deactivates the ring and directs para/
  ortho.
• d. X withdraws electrons inductively, donates
  electrons by resonance, and activates the ring
• e. X withdraws electrons inductively but does not
  donate or withdraw electrons by resonance.