Part 3 The PIC Model: Ways of Implementation

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Part 3The PIC Model Ways of Implementation
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This Presentation Will

• Demonstrate MBCD - an Internet-based interactive
  career-planning system based on the PIC model  
• Discuss the desirable features of Internet-based
  careerplanning systems, and examine the extent
  to which MBCD conforms to these features
• Discuss the importance and implications of
  computer-assisted career-guidance systems for
  career counseling

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Reminder

• Career decision-making is a complex process which
  many people find difficult to carry out
• General decision-making models adapted to the
  unique features of career decisions can
  facilitate the process
• Ped solution The PIC model which separates the
  CDM process into 3 distinct stages
• - Prescreening
• - In-depth exploration
• - Choice

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But still

• Career decision-making requires collecting a vast
  amount of information
• Luckily, Information and Communication
  Technologies are available.
• The use of a computer-assisted career guidance
  system based on the theoretical model can help
  overcome cognitive limitations.
• There are several computer-assisted career
  guidance systems available, most of them on the
  Internet.
• One of them is MBCD

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MBCD Making Better Career
Decisions

• MBCD is an Internet-based career planning system
  that is a unique combination of
• a career-information system
• a decision-making support system
• an expert system
• designed to help deliberating individuals
• make better career decisions
• The dialogue is divided into distinct stages,
  corresponding to the PIC model stages

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MBCDs Goals

• Advancing the users career decision-making by
  locating a small set of promising occupational
  alternatives on which s/he may focus and collect
  more detailed information.
• Increasing the users readiness and motivation to
  make a career decision.
• Presenting a practical model of career
  decision-making that can be implemented in future
  career decisions as well as other decisions.

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Target Population

• High-school students who are exploring future
  career-options.
• Young adults studying or considering to study in
  college or university and have to select a major
  or field of study.
• Graduates of colleges and universities who are
  deliberating about what kind of job they would
  like to pursue.
• People interested in a career transition or a
  second (or third) career.
• Individuals interested in going through a
  systematic career decision-making process, even
  if they are not currently facing a career
  decision.

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A demonstration of
Making Better Career Decisions
http//mbcd.intocareers.org Collaboration between
Yissum and The
Hebrew University
Intocareers The University of Oregon
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MBCDs Key Features

• MBCD includes 28 career factors which make it
  possible to carry out a detailed comparison
  between the characteristics of occupations and
  the user's preferences

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MBCDs Key Features (cont.)

• Separating importance of factors from
  within-aspect preferences
• Eliciting both facets of the individuals
  preferences
• the optimal level
• additional levels that the user regards as
  acceptable (reflecting the users willingness to
  compromise)

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MBCDs Key Features (cont.)

• Each occupation is characterized by a range of
  levels within each aspect, reflecting the
  within-occupation variance.

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MBCDs Key Features (cont.)

• The system provides detailed feedback and
  recommendations according to the users input and
  its effect on the search results
• The dialogue is flexible and the users can change
  their responses at any point

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MBCDs Key Features (cont.)

• Promising alternatives are located by the
  Sequential-Elimination search model (Gati, 1986).
  
• But the user can also use a compensatory-model-ba
  sed search.

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Compensatory-model-based search

• Goal locating the most compatible occupations
• Rationale - advantages of occupations may
  compensate for their disadvantages
• Steps of the compensatory search

Locate gaps between preferences and the
characteristics of the occupation for each factor
Sum the gaps, weighted by importance of factors
Locate occupations with minimal sum of gaps
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The Conjunction of the Two Lists
Sequential elimination-based list
Compensation-based list
Conjunction list

• Users are advised to focus on the occupations
  that were included in the recommended list of
  both search models in the in-depth exploration

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MBCDs Key Features (cont.)

• Options to check the quality of the list of
  promising occupations, including
• Almost compatible occupations (i.e.,
  sensitivity analysis)
• Why not
• What if
• Similar occupations
• Compare Occupations

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MBCDs Features (cont.)

• Initial in-depth explorations is offered by
  detailed occupational descriptions

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The Outcomes of the Dialogue

• The user receives three lists of recommended
  occupations
• Sequential-elimination-based list
• Compensation-based list
• A list based on both models (conjunction)

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MBCDs Features (cont.)

• At the end of the dialogue
• the user receives a printed summary to take
  along for further processing of the information.
  The printout also provides information for the
  counselor.
• The users preferences are saved under a
  personalized code for future interactions.

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Computer-Assisted Career Counseling
Problems and Solutions in MBCD
Possible Solutions Desirable Features
Begin with What am I looking for? and continue with Can I actualize it? Find out which abilities the individual prefers to use Considering abilities and skills when and how?
Focus on factors instead of alternatives, recommend factors to be considered, dealing with compromises and uncertainty Providing guidance concerning the process
Begin by eliciting an optimal level and then ask the user for additional acceptable levels s/he is willing to compromise on Eliciting aspirations and preferences while encouraging compromise
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Computer-Assisted Career Counseling
Problems and Solutions in MBCD
Possible Solutions Desirable Features
potential alternatives, their characteristics, training Providing relevant and accurate information about
Use qualitative labels (which imply subjectivity) rather than numerical or quantitative ones (which imply accuracy) The apparently accurate image of the data versus its unique soft character
Use a range of levels to describe each occupation instead of only one characteristic level Dealing with within-occupational variance
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Computer-Assisted Career Counseling
Problems and Solutions in MBCD
Possible Solutions Desirable Features
Assess quality of inputs Appraise the process Evaluate the outcome Use graphics that highlight the relevant information Monitoring the dialogue Overload of information
Monitor the dialogue and evaluate the quality of the users input as well as its outcomes. Provide real-time feedback Providing truly personal feedback
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Computer-Assisted Career Counseling
Problems and Solutions in MBCD
Possible Solutions Desirable Features
on the Internet and elsewhere Guiding the user towardadditional sources of information
informative summary of the dialogue Directing the user to face-to-face counseling when needed
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The Roles of Counselors

• Providing help before, during and after surfing
  career-related Internet sites
• Evaluating the client's readiness to use the
  system
• Preparing the client for it
• Accompanying the client while using the system
• Analyzing the dialogue to increase clients self
  understanding

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The Roles of Counselors

• Being familiar with sites, evaluating their
  quality, and incorporating relevant sites into
  the repertoire of tools used
• Devoting more time to their unique roles (e.g.,
  emotional aspects of career decisions, resolving
  conflicts between incompatible preferences)

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To sum up, we discussed

• A general framework for career decision making
  the PIC model
• MBCD a unique combination of career information
  system, expert system, and a decision-support
  system
• Dilemmas of computer-assisted career counseling,
  and the ways they are dealt with by the MBCD
• The incorporation of the MBCD in the counseling
  process

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The next session will address the million dollar
question

• Does it really work?