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Provision of Urban Environmental Infrastructure Services Issues and Strategies

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Title: Provision of Urban Environmental Infrastructure Services Issues and Strategies


1
Provision of Urban Environmental Infrastructure
Services(Issues and Strategies)
  • Vilas Nitivattananon, Ph.D.
  • Urban Environmental Management
  • Asian Institute of Technology

2
Main Topics
  • Introduction
  • Issues
  • Institutional aspects
  • Alternative strategies

3
Introduction - Infrastructure
  • Public infrastructure is defined as those
    services derived from the set of public works
    traditionally supported by the public sector to
    enhance private sector production and to allow
    for household consumption
  • This includes services such as roads, mass
    transportation, water systems, sewer systems,
    solid waste management, drainage and flood
    protection, electric installations, and
    telecommunications

4
Introduction - Sustainable Systems
  • Goals
  • Improve quality of life and alleviate
    consequences of poverty
  • Promote economic productivity and growth
  • Protection of environment
  • Reinforce the effectiveness of municipal
    governance
  • Appropriate decisions
  • What infrastructure is demanded and how will it
    be produced?
  • How will the investments and life-cycle costs be
    financed?
  • What institutions will be used to deliver
    services?

5
Introduction Management Functions
  • Goal and policy formulation (conceptual planning)
  • Long-term planning (pre-planning)
  • Investment planning and programming (detailed
    planning/design)
  • Implementation of the plans (investment/constructi
    on)
  • Operation and maintenance
  • Monitoring and evaluation

6
Issues - Overview
  • Status of achievements
  • Inadequate infrastructure capacity in expanding
    urban areas results in serious constraints on
    (environmentally sustainable) economic growth and
    on poverty reduction
  • Challenges
  • Inefficiency of operation
  • Inadequate maintenance
  • Financial inefficiency and fiscal drain
  • Unresponsiveness to user demand
  • Neglect of the poor
  • Neglect of environment

7
Issues - Water Supply
  • Cities throughout Asia report shortages of
    sources for raw water, and infrastructure for
    provision of household, industrial, and
    commercial water supply.
  • Meeting the problem of water for human use will
    require application of macroplanning policies to
    improve the allocation of water among competing
    interests, and better microcontrols on, and
    technology for, water use within households,
    industries and commerce.
  • Focused technological alternatives, analysis of
    costs and benefits on a broad scale, and
    consensus building through various forms of
    public and stakeholder participatory techniques
    are required to arrive at politically successful
    solutions.

8
Issues - Sanitation
  • In Asia, less than 60 of urban population had
    access to adequate sanitation and about 1/3 was
    connected to sewer systems.
  • Where sewerage collection existed, about 90 of
    the wastewater was discharged w/o treatment
  • Conveyance systems are often inadequately
    designed and poorly maintenance clogging from
    solid waste causing flooding with bad water
    quality
  • Some cities suffer from persistent drainage
    problem related to monsoon flooding drainage
    and flooding may be of greater concern than
    sanitation especially among upper class of
    population

9
Issues - Solid Waste
  • The major urban centers in developing countries
    of Asia generate over 1 million tons of SW
    annually, less than half is transported to
    disposal
  • Inadequate SWM gives rise to many environmental
    problems from disposal to open water, leaching
    into groundwater, production of air pollution,
    and from spread of insects and disease vectors
  • Pilot efforts at waste minimization and refuse
    recovery are underway in a number of locations
    throughout Asia composting, recycling, and
    other community base techniques.

10
Issues Transport and Air Pollution
  • A key challenge in transport planning is
    identifying measures that are technically sound
    and acceptable to politicians and the public
  • Transport or mobile sources contribute the
    majority of most pollutants in urban areas,
    particularly when viewed in terms of human
    exposure
  • Environmental health risks due to inadequate
    waste management infrastructure are numerous in
    urban area

11
Issues Institutional
  • Deficiencies
  • Poor coordination between government agencies and
    with private sector
  • Poor internal organization and management
    structure
  • Deficient monitoring of sectoral performance
  • Low morale among local government staff
  • Funding to meet capital and operational needs is
    often deficient with insufficient cost recovery
    mechanisms

12
Institutional Aspects Government
Responsibilities
  • Which level of government should be responsible
    for service delivery?
  • A clear delineation of responsibilities across
    levels of government is essential for effective
    service delivery
  • Although central government is responsible for
    infrastructure investment in most countries, the
    best strategy is to allocate some
    responsibilities to each of local government
  • A number of factors influence the degree to which
    local vs.. central governments should play a role
    in service delivery

13
Institutional Aspects - Decentralization
  • Devolution of authority to local governments
  • Transfer of authority and responsibilities for
    service delivery from central to local
    governments
  • Deconcentration of central government ministry
    staff
  • Movement of ministry offices to regional or local
    levels
  • Regional or local officials are able to make many
    basic service delivery decisions
  • Others
  • Privatization, public sector companies, public
    authorities

14
Institutional Aspects Decentralization
  • Requirements for effective devolution
  • Existing government structure
  • Structure of other institutions and necessary
    labor skills
  • Geographic scope of benefits
  • Sufficient authority (legal ability and
    institutional capacity) to raise revenues and
    retain them at the local level for financing
    service delivery
  • Public sector companies and service delivery
    authorities
  • Less accountable because their linkage to public
    officials and consumers may be tenuous
  • Community associations
  • Responsive to users

15
Institutional Aspects - Financing
  • Adequate financing is necessary for sustainable
    infrastructure systems
  • The role of finance is more than to ensure
    sufficient funds are in place, because financing
    schemes can affect incentives and other goals
    (such as equity)
  • Willingness to pay an expression of the demand
    for service, and it is a strong-requisite for
    cost recovery because it is a measure of user
    satisfaction of a service and of the desire of
    users to contribute to its functioning
  • Community factors (participation, perceived
    benefits, income, etc.)
  • Service factors (alternative sources, costs,
    efficiency, etc.)

16
Institutional Aspects - Financing
  • Financing investments
  • Government funding
  • Donor financing
  • Private equity financing
  • Financing OM
  • User fees appear to be best source of OM
    financing
  • General fund contributions from the government
  • Intergovernmental transfers from the central to
    local governments

17
Institutional Aspects - Financing
  • Factors in planning
  • Demand-driven
  • What costs should be covered
  • Willingness to pay analysis
  • Institutional/legal framework
  • Accompanying measures (e.g., education and
    promotion campaigns)
  • Factors in practices
  • Appropriate tariff
  • Optimizing costs
  • Access to other sources of funding (community,
    private, subsidies/taxes, credit-loan, grants,
    etc.)
  • Financial management
  • Service efficiency

18
Alternative Approaches Integrated and Systems
Management
  • Integration for sustainability
  • System elements
  • Use, transport, disposal/treatment, etc.
  • Aspects
  • Technical, environmental, financial/economic,
    socio-cultural, institutional, and
    legal/political
  • Stakeholders
  • Central/local authorities, NGOs/CBOs, users,
    private formal/informal sectors, and donor
    agencies
  • Other urban systems
  • Drainage, energy, agriculture, etc.

19
Alternative Approaches Directions of Reform
  • Institutional development
  • Administrative decentralization
  • Organizational capacity building
  • Improved management functions
  • Private sector participation
  • Appropriate form of public-private partnership
  • Mechanisms for public regulation and control
  • User participation
  • Community-based service provision
  • Decentralizing government-based process of
    management

20
Alternative Approaches Strategies/Actions
  • Delivering infrastructure services to meet users
    demands
  • This must drive decisions such as what to
    deliver, what technologies to employ, and how
    prices should be set
  • Demands differ widely across cities, countries,
    and industries along dimensions of accessibility,
    capacity, quality, price, etc.
  • Infrastructure is best used to accommodate
    economic activity
  • Greatest effect on economic growth when a minimum
    complement of services is available
  • Improved infrastructure must come from increased
    efficiency of the services
  • Deliver services at the lowest possible life
    cycle costs for society

21
Alternative Approaches Strategies/Actions
  • Adequate service delivery cannot occur without a
    proper financing system
  • Satisfactory system requires that services are
    paid
  • Costs can be lowered and demands more effectively
    met by integrating competition into service
    delivery
  • Private sector participation through devolved
    governments
  • The consequences of delivery must be fully
    considered
  • Environmental standards can be achieved with
    effective service delivery
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