Agriculture%20Sector%20GHG%20Inventory:%20Issues%20and%20Concerns%20for%20India

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Agriculture Sector GHG Inventory Issues and
Concerns for India Sumana Bhattacharya 10th
February 2005 Shanghai, China
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National Emissions - 1994
743820
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Sectoral Distribution of Emissions
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Gas by Gas distribution across sectors
CO2
N2O
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Key lessons

• Many activity data gaps exist, especially for
  reporting as per 17/CP.8, requiring major
  national efforts
• Procedures of reporting and collecting data for
  future inventories need to be established
  reliability, coverage, and availability
• Sample size need to be enlarged for many
  categories to capture regional diversity in
  emission coefficients

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Institutional Arrangement
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Technical Advisory
Steering Committee
Project Management Cell
Inventory
UR
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Sectoral emissions- Agriculture
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GHG Emission Distribution- Agriculture
Key sectors 1. Enteric fermentation 2.
Rice Cultivation 3. Soils
Uncertainty Reduction Efforts Rice Cultivation
Enteric fermentation
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Status of Preparation GHG inventory Agriculture
Status of Preparation GHG inventory Agriculture
Percentage of the total National CO2 equivalent emissions Percentage of total CO2 eq. emissions from Agriculture sector Tier used in the Initial NATCOM Type of emission factor used
Agriculture sector
Enteric Fermentation 15.3 54.7 Tier III I
Rice Cultivation 7.0 24.9 Tier III I
Emission from Soils 3.7 13.1 Tier I D
Manure Management 1.6 5.9 Tier I D
Agricultural crop residue 0.4 1.4 Tier I D
I Indigenously developed, D IPCC Default
Emission factors
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Typicality's of Agriculture Sector in India
Livestock 80 indigenous low producing,
non-descriptive with low feed req.- population
going down Crossbred increasing Total population
is projected to decrease Manure not collected
systematically Rice cultivation Total area almost
constant over the years, Area under rainfed
fluctuates Not much cultivation on organic soils
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Typicality's of Agriculture Sector in India
Crop Residue Crop residue mostly used as fuel
Burnt on fields at few places Soils Diverse
agriculture soils and management
practices Pattern and amount of fertilizer
applied varies across regions No quantification
yet of application of organic fertilizers
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Key lessons Agriculture sector
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions emitted from
the agriculture sector come from dispersed
sources and hence are more uncertain w.r.t those
from energy sources Therefore procedures of
reporting and collecting activity data for future
inventories need to be established for improving
their reliability, coverage, and
availability Sample sizes of measurements need
to be enlarged for many categories to capture
regional diversity in emission coefficients Many
activity data gaps exist, especially for
estimating N2O from soils
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Enteric Fermentation
Data gathered on Livestock statistics Survey
undertaken every 5 years (1987,1992, 1997,2003)
Interpolation necessary- Identification and
categorization of livestock species Milk
Production Same method Body weight Body weights
of the indigenous cattle (constituting 80 of
total population not well documented) not well
documented Feed Intake Based on DMI - literature
survey, regional variation exists in the type of
feed. Extensive survey necessary Methane
Conversion Factor Data on methane from of gross
energy converted /dry matter intake confined to
higher bred
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Aggregate national emission factor
Measurement based
Activity Data based
Few CH4 measurements made for cross bred cattle
using face mask - SF6 technology

• Body weights - published reports
• BW of non-descript cattle taken 20 less than
  well-described breed.
• DMI as percentage of body weight based on
  literature survey and expert judgment.
• Feed intake in terms of kg DMI/100 kg livestock
  body weight / day is estimated.
• Methane conversion factor in g CH4/kg DMI from
  published reports and dry matter intake of
  animals.

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Direct measurements - Enteric Fermentation
Sample size, statistically not adequate, all
cattle types not covered. CH4 emission varies
with temp. Therefore extensive measurements at
all climate regions requires covering both
indigenous and cross bred cattle.
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CH4 emission coefficient determined from cattle
and buffalo
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Manure Management
Based on animal population statistics and IPCC
default emission factors Three aspects to be
noted Manure is not systematically
collected Where it is collected, it is -
dried as dung cakes and used as fuel -
collected for bio gas plants for CH4 use as
energy Therefore over estimation in the 1st
communication
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Rice Cultivation
Govt. reports on rice harvest area under
cultivation are in terms of irrigated rainfed D
istribution of harvest area according to IPCC in
India made based on area under various soil types
and type of water management Data on application
of Organic Carbon not available Emission factors
for all rice ecosystems not statistically
significant Measurements of CH4 flux vs.
different rice cultivars are minimal
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CH4 emission measurements from rice cultivation
Chamber Box technique samples collected and
analysed using Gas chromatography Based on
extensive measurements carried out between 1991
and 2002 for different cultivars Inter
comparison of samples with national
international standards Measurements made over
the entire cropping season for different water
regimes Classification of areas under various
water regimes based on soil characteristics
Onsite CH4 measurement
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Emission Coefficient Rice cultivation
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Crop Residue
Activity data is crop production based Residue to
crop ratio determined so far only for selected
crops Extensive surveys required to estimate
the Fraction left on field for burning now
based on expert judgement Dry matter fraction
needs to be studied further in terms of crop
produced, irrigation practices, and other farming
practices Emission factors of CO, CH4, NOx,
NMVOC Inadequate measurements
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Emission from soils
N2O emissions data requirements Synthetic
fertilizer fraction of nitrogen that
volatilizes as NH3 and NOx from applied
synthetic fertilizer needs to be country
specific, including factors due to leaching
runoff Application of animal manure Data on
Incorporation of crop residue in soils
Distribution of organic soils Disposal of
sewage/effluents
Extensive direct measurements to be made on all
agricultural soils for all cropping systems