Introducing Hardware

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Introducing Hardware

• Chapter 1

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You Will Learn

• That a computer requires both hardware and
  software to work
• About the many different hardware components
  inside and connected to a computer
• How the CPU works and how it communicates with
  other devices

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Hardware Needs Software
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Primary Functions of Hardware
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Input/Output devices

• Input devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Bar code reader
• Output devices
• Monitor
• Printer
• Plotter

• Input and Output
• Modem
• Network adapter

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Communication Between Hardware and Software

• Binary number system
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
  Interchange)
• Hexadecimal notation (hex)

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Binary Number System

• Communicate using Yes or No (On or Off)
• Vacuum tubes (light bulbs)
• All 10 digits and some characters
• Atanasoff
• Binary number system store and read only 2
  values (Base 2)
• All counting and calculations use this
• All letters and characters are converted before
  being stored

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Binary Code
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ASCII
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Binary Numbers
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Storage Values
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Hexadecimal Encoding(appendix C)
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ASCII

• Most popular coding scheme
• Assigns 8 bit code
• (appendix B)

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Elements Required for Hardware Devices to Operate

• Method for the CPU to communicate with the device
• Software to instruct and control the device
• Electricity to power the device

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Hardware Used forInput and Output

• Most resides outside computer case
• Communicates through a port or a wireless
  connection

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Port Connections for I/O Devices
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Most Popular Input Devices
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Most Popular Output Devices
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Hardware Inside the Computer Case

• Motherboard (CPU, memory)
• Permanent storage (floppy, hard, CD-ROM drives)
• Power supply
• Circuit boards
• Cables

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Inside the Computer Case
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The Motherboard

• Largest and most important circuit board
• Contains the CPU, with which all devices must
  communicate

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The Motherboard
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Ports Provided by Motherboard to Outside of Case

• Serial
• Parallel
• USB
• Game
• Keyboard
• Mouse

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Ports Provided by Motherboard to Outside of Case
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Communication Methods
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Major Components of Motherboards

• For processing
• CPU (performs most actual data processing)
• Chip set (supports CPU by controlling system
  board activities)
• For temporary storage
• RAM (holds data and instructions as they are
  processed)

continued
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Major Components of Motherboards

• To allow CPU to communicate with other devices
• Traces or wires
• Expansion slots (connect cards to mboard)
• System clock (keeps communication in sync)
• Electrical system
• Power supply connections
• Programming and setup data
• Flash ROM (permanently store instructions that
  control basic hardware functions)
• CMOS setup chip (holds configuration data)

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The CPU (performs most of the actual data
processing)
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The Chip Set(group of microchips on mboard that
controls flow of data and instructions to and
from CPU)
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Storage Devices

• Primary storage (temporary)
• Temporarily holds data and instructions as CPU
  processes them
• Also called memory or RAM
• Faster to access

• Secondary storage (permanent)
• Floppy
• CD/DVD
• HD
• When data and instructions are not used
• CPU cannot process data instructions w/o first
  copying it to RAM

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Primary and Secondary Storage
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Primary Storage

• RAM storage
• SIMMs (single inline memory modules)
• DIMMs (dual inline memory modules)
• RIMMs (manufactured by Rambus)
• Volatile (info in RAM is lost when computer is
  turned off in need of continuous power)

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RAM Chips
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Types of RAM Modules
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How Much Memory Is Installed
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Secondary Storage Devices

• Hard disks
• Floppy disks
• Zip drives
• CD-ROMs
• DVDs

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Hard Drives
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Hard Drive

• Most use EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive
  Electronics) technology, which can accommodate up
  to four IEDE devices on one system

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Hard Drive
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Hard Drive
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Hard Drive
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Hard Drive
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Floppy Drive
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Floppy Drive
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CD-ROM Drive
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Motherboard Components Used for Communication
Among Devices

• Bus
• System clock
• Expansion slots
• PCI High-speed input/output devices
• AGP Video card
• ISA Older and/or slower devices

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Bus Lines
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Data Bus
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System Clock

• Synchronizes activity on the motherboard
• Controls pace of activity by sending continuous
  pulses over the bus that different components use

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System Clock
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Expansion Slots
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Expansion Slots
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Interface (Expansion) Cards

• Enable CPU to connect to external devices or to a
  network
• Determine function by looking at the end of the
  card that fits against back of computer case

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Expansion Cards
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Expansion Cards
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Identifying Expansion Cards
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The Electrical System

• Power supply (most important component)
• Provides power for the computer
• Receives 110-120 volts AC and converts it to
  lower DC voltage that the computer can handle
• Runs a fan to help cool inside of computer case

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Power Supply
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Power Supply
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Power Supply
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Instructions and Data Stored on the Motherboard

• Provide rudimentary information about setup of
  computer
• Start computer
• Search for an OS
• Stored on special ROM chips
• By setting physical switches on the board
  (jumpers and DIP switches)
• Using CMOS configuration chips

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ROM BIOS Chips

• Hybrid of hardware and software with embedded
  programming
• Called firmware

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ROM BIOS Chips
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ROM BIOS Chips
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CMOS Configuration Chips
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Jumpers
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DIP Switches
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Chapter Summary

• Hardware used for input and output
• Hardware inside the computer case
• The motherboard, CPU, and chip set
• Storage devices
• Motherboard components used for communication
  among devices

continued
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Chapter Summary

• Interface (expansion) cards
• The electrical system
• Instructions and data stored on the motherboard