Figure 2-1

1
(1) All living organisms use the same kinds of
building-block molecules. (2) The identity of
each species is preserved by the possession of
specific sets of macromolecules (e.g., nucleic
acids, proteins, polysaccharides) macromolecules
have directionality (head-to-tail orientation)
and therefore are informational molecules. (3)
All biomolecules have specific functions. (4)
Cells utilize free energy to do work energy is
provided, either directly or indirectly, by
sunlight. (5) Cells contain enzymes, which are
highly specialized protein molecules composed of
amino acids. Enzymes are catalysts and often
work in sequence. Enzyme activity is regulated.
The 3D structure of proteins/enzymes is essential
to their activity. Not all biological catalysts
are proteins (e.g., RNA catalysts). (6) Cells
trap and store energy in a chemical form known as
ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate). (review energy
cycle) ATP-4 H2O ? ADP-3 Pi-2 H
energy (7) Cell activities are highly
regulated. (8) Living systems can duplicate
themselves exactly undergo mutation (fidelity of
base pairing in DNA replication).
2
Structure of the water molecule
3
Hydrogen bond between two water molecules
4
Structure of ice
5
Theoretically predicted and spectroscopically
confirmed structures of the water trimer,
tetramer, and pentamer
6
Solvation of ions by oriented water molecules
7
Hydrogen bonding by functional groups
8
Examples of fatty acid anions
9
Associations of amphipathic molecules in aqueous
solutions
10
Mechanism of hydronium ion migration in aqueous
solution via proton jumps.
11
Acid-base titration curves of 1 liter solutions
of 1M acetic acid, H2PO4, and NH4 by a strong
base.
12
Distribution curves for acetic acid and acetate
ion
13
Titration curve of a 1 liter solution of 1M H3PO4
14
Dielectric constants and permanent molecular
dipole moments of some common solvents
15
Dissociation constants and pKs at 25 C of some
acids in common laboratory use as biochemical
buffers
16
Dissociation constants and pKs at 25 C of some
acids in common laboratory use as biochemical
buffers
17
END
18
Ionization of an acid that has two nonequivalent
protonation sites
19
Ionic mobilitiesa in H2O at 25 C