AHSGEStandard 10

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AHSGEStandard 10

• Distinguish between monocots and dicots,
  angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and
  nonvascular plants.
• ELIGIBLE CONTENT
• Demonstrate knowledge of structures and
  reproduction, identify the differences in
  venation patterns,
• and demonstrate knowledge about the significance
  of the number of cotyledons.
• Distinguish between monocots and dicots.
• Distinguish between angiosperms and gymnosperms.
• Distinguish between vascular and nonvascular
  plants.

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Plant Cell Characteristics

• Plant cells are eukaryotic. They have membrane
  bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus.
• Plants are multicellular.
• Plants are autotrophic.
• Plants cells contain chloroplasts and a large
  central vacuole.
• Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall.

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Nonvascular Plants

• Most simple land plants. Thought to be the first
  plants to live on land.
• Lack a vascular system. The vascular system is a
  system of tubes that can carry water and
  nutrients through the plant.
• Nonvascular plants also lack a cuticle, leaves,
  true roots, seeds, pollen, flowers, and fruits.
  They are not well adapted to life on land.
• They must have standing water for their sperm to
  swim to the eggs.
• Because they lack a vascular system these plants
  must remain very small and are found in damp
  places.
• Examples Sometimes called the bryophytes.
• Include Moss and liverworts
• Green Algae are also sometimes classified as
  nonvascular plants.

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Nonvascular PlantsExamples--Moss
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Nonvascular Plants--Liverworts
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Nonvascular PlantsGreen Algae
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Vascular Plants

• Vascular Plants have a vascular system for
  transporting water, minerals, and sugar.
• This allows the plants to become very tall.
• These plants also have true roots, leaves, and
  stems.
• The vascular plants include ferns, gymnosperms,
  and angiosperms.

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Ferns

• Thought to be the first vascular plants to have
  evolved.
• Have a vascular system, true roots, true leaves,
  and true stems.
• The ferns also have a protective waxy cuticle.
• They lack pollen, seeds, flowers, and fruits.
• Are usually found in dark and damp places because
  they require water for sexual reproduction. Fern
  use spores for reproduction.

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Fern Examples
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Fern Examples
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Gymnosperms

• Group of seed bearing plants that usually have
  cones.
• Examples include pine trees, cedar trees, and
  spruce trees.
• Many gymnosperms are referred to as conifers.
• Gymnosperms have several adaptations that enable
  them to thrive on land. These include
• True rootsAllow them to dig deep into the soil
  for water.
• A waxy cuticle on the leavesProtects from water
  loss.
• A vascular systemefficiently transport water and
  nutrients through the plant.
• PollenAllows for reproduction on land without
  water.
• SeedsProtects the plant embryo from drying out
  on land.
• Gymnosperms do not have
• Flowers and Fruits

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Gymnosperm Reproduction

• Cones are the reproductive organs of most
  gymnosperms.
• There are usually separate male and female cones.
• Male cones make pollen. The pollen travels
  through the wind and lands on the female cone.
• The pollen grain sprouts a pollen tube that leads
  to the ovule (egg)
• The sperm swim down the tube and fertilize the
  egg.
• The fertilized egg becomes a seed.
• Gymnosperms do not have fruits or flowers.

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Gymnosperms--Examples
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Gymnosperm Examples
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Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are flowering plants
• They have the following adaptations that help
  them thrive on land.
• Cuticlewaxing covering on the leaves.
• True Roots
• Vascular SystemTubes that help them transport
  water, sugar, and minerals.
• FlowersHelp make reproduction on land more
  efficient.
• SeedsHelp to protect the zygote (baby) from
  drying out.
• Pollen (flower sperm in a protective coat)Makes
  fertilization on land without standing water
  possible.
• FruitsHelps to disperse the seeds away from the
  parent plant.

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Angiosperms
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Angiosperms
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Flowers

• The reproductive structures of an angiosperm.
  Plants carry out sexual reproduction.
• Most flowers are hermaphroditic. They contain
  both sex organs.
• The male structures are called stamen.
• The ball-like structure on top of the stamen is
  called the anther. The anther produces pollen.
• The stalk-like structure that holds up the anther
  is called the filament.
• The female structure is called the pistil or
  carpel.
• The carpel is divided into
• Stigmatop sticky portion that helps to collect
  pollen.
• Styleneck-like structure that holds the stigma
  up.
• Ovarybottom portion. Contains the ovules or
  eggs.

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Flower Diagram
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Flower Diagram
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Flowers

• PetalsColored portions of the flower. Help to
  attract pollinators.
• SepalsSmall leaf-like structures at the base of
  the flower. Serve as part of the bud covering
  before the flower opens.

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Pollination

• PollinationThe transfer of pollen from one plant
  to another.
• Once the pollen lands on the stigma. It sprouts
  a pollen tube.
• The sperm inside the pollen grain swim down the
  tube.
• The sperm fertilize the egg (ovule) in the ovary
  of the carpel.
• The fertilized egg becomes a seed.
• The tissues around the fertilized egg, become the
  fruit.

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Pollination/Fertilization
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Monocots and Dicots

• Angiosperms are divided into two groups
• Monocots and Dicots
• Angiosperms are divided into these two groups
  based on the number of cotyledons they have.
• Cotyledons are the "seed leaves" produced by the
  embryo. They serve to absorb nutrients packaged
  in the seed, until the seedling is able to
  produce its first true leaves and begin
  photosynthesis.
• Monocots have one cotyledon.
• Dicots have two cotyledons.

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Dicots vs. Monocots
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Examples of Monocots and Dicots

• Monocots
• Corn
• Grass
• Tulips
• Orchid
• banana

• Dicots
• Maple
• Oak
• Roses
• Cotton
• Apple Trees
• Tomatoes
• Dandelions

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