Agenda

1
Agenda

• Quiz
• Discussion about your lab reports
• Discussion about the heart
• Lab Topic 11 Do Exercises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
  in groups of 4
• Do Exercise 7 as a class

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
Systole heart contraction, occurs in 2 stages,
first the atria contract to pump blood into the
ventricles, then the ventricles contract to pump
blood out of the body Diastole the period of
relaxation between each heartbeat, allows blood
to fill up the heart again
5
Cardiac Output the volume of blood per minute
that the left ventricle pumps to the rest of the
body, depends on both heart rate ( of
beats/minute) and stroke volume (amount of blood
pumped in each contraction)
6
The heart has 3 layers. The smooth inside lining
of the heart is called the endocardium. The
middle layer of heart muscle is called the
myocardium. It is surrounded by a fluid filled
sac call the pericardium.
7
Electrical signals cause heart contractions.

• The electrical impulse leaves the SA node and
  travels to the right and left atria, causing them
  to contract and the ventricles to fill with
  blood.
• The electrical impulse travels to
  Atrioventricular Node (AV node) and then to the
  Bundle of His
• Then the impulse divides into the Right and Left
  Bundle Branches where it rapidly spreads using
  Purkinje Fibers to the muscles of the Right and
  Left Ventricle, causing them to contract.

8
Coronary Artery Disease
The heart requires blood to supply it with oxygen
and nutrients. The heart doesnt extract oxygen
and nutrients from the blood flowing inside it --
it gets its blood from coronary arteries.
CAD is caused by a blockage in one of the
coronary arteries. A symptom of CAD is angina
chest pain due to lack of blood and oxygen to
heart muscle Heart attack happens when a
coronary artery is completely blocked. Heart
attack causes chest pain and death to heart
muscle served by that artery.
9
Arteriosclerosis hardening of arteries with
plaque

• If the blockage occurs in a coronary artery, it
  causes chest pain (angina).
• If the blockage is complete, it can cause a heart
  attack (Myocardial Infarction or MI).
• If the blockage occurs in one of the arteries
  near the brain, a stroke can occur.
• If a blockage occurs in a leg artery, it causes
  Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) and can cause
  pain while walking called intermittent
  claudication.

10
Congestive Heart Failure

• CHF is simply the failure of the heart to perform
  its main function (pumping blood) adequately.
• CHF is not a specific diagnosis, but is a result
  of another underlying condition

11
Are You at Riskof developing atherosclerosis and
CAD? Risk factors include

• hypertension (high blood pressure)
• diabetes
• elevated cholesterol
• smoking
• sedentary lifestyle
• stress
• obesity
• male sex
• family history of heart disease
• older age

12
Some Common Methods for Diagnosis

• Lab tests (CPK, CPK-MB, Troponin, Myoglobin)
  detect dying heart muscle
• LDL and HDL look at cholesterol
• EKG looks at rhythms of heart waves
• Stress Test to look for abdormal heart rythms
  or chest pain with exertion
• Cardiac Catheterization tube inserted into
  artery, angioplasty can be done if artery
  blockage is detected

13
Some common treatments

• Angioplasty using a balloon to widen the artery
• Nitrates - dilate the veins and therefore
  decrease the oxygen requirements of the heart.
  They also dilate the coronary arteries and
  consequently increase blood flow to the heart
  muscle.
• Beta-Blockers - decrease the heart rate and the
  force of the heart's contraction by blocking the
  effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the
  heart.
• Aspirin - anti-platelet medication that prevents
  platelets from clotting and clumping on blood
  vessel walls
• Heparin anti-clotting drug
• Thrombolytics dissolve blood clots

14
QUIZ!
15
Arteries always carry

• Oxygenated blood
• Deoxygenated blood
• Blood to the heart
• Blood away from the heart

16
How many Americans die each day from heart disease

• 200
• 2,000
• 20,000
• 50,000

17
Which of the following has a heart with only 3
chambers

• Mammals
• Frogs
• Crocodiles
• Fish

18
The contraction phase of the heart beat is called

• Systole
• Diastole
• Pulse

19
Which have thicker walls?

• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

20
Cardiac Output is Determined By

• Stroke volume
• Heart Rate
• The SA node
• A and B
• A, B, and C

21
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in the
pulmonary vein will drain first into the

• Vena cava
• Left atrium
• Right atrium
• Left ventricle
• Right ventricle

22
The heart gets nutrients and oxygen by taking it
from the blood that pumps through it.

• A. True
• B. False

23
An incomplete blockage of a coronary artery
resulting in chest pain is called

• Myocardial infarction
• Stroke
• Angina
• Peripheral Vascular Disease

24
What is angioplasty?
25
Which is not a medication given to someone with
heart problems?

• Aspirin
• Beta-Blockers
• Oxytocin
• Nitrates

26
What are the 3 layers of the heart called?
27
During an average persons lifetime, the heart
will beat how many times?

• 2.5 million
• 2.5 thousand
• 2.5 trillion
• 2.5 billion

28
To Do

• Exercise 1 listen to heart sounds with
  stethoscope
• Exercise 2 calculate your heart rate
• Exercise 3 take your partners blood pressure
• Exercise 4 measure breathing rate
• Exercise 5 or 6 effect of pain or standing on
  blood pressure
• Each group come up with 2 experiment ideas and
  write them on the board

29

• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable(s)
• Dependent Variable(s)
• Standardized Variables
• Treatment Groups
• Methods