If Development is not Engendered, it is Endangered

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If Development is not Engendered, it is
Endangered
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Gender Terms
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Gender

• Refers to the economic, social, political, and
  cultural attributes and opportunities associated
  with being male or female.
• The social definitions of what it means to be a
  woman or a man vary among cultures and change
  over time.
• OECD, 1998

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Sex

• Refers to the biological differences between
  males and females. Sex differences are concerned
  with males and females physiology.

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Gender Equity

• Process of being fair to women and men, including
  using measures to compensate for historical and
  social disadvantages that prevent men and women
  from operating on a level playing field.
• CIDA, 1996

Gender Equality
The state or condition that affords women and men
equal enjoyment of human rights, socially valued
goods, opportunities, and resources. SIDA, 1997
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Gender Integration

• Refers to strategies applied in program
  assessment, design, implementation, and
  evaluation to take gender norms into account and
  to compensate for gender-based inequalities.

Gender Mainstreaming
The process of incorporating a gender perspective
into policies, strategies, programs, project
activities, and administrative functions, as well
as institutional culture of an organization.
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Womens Empowerment

• Improving the status of women to enhance their
  decision-making capacity at all levels,
  especially as it relates to their sexuality and
  reproductive health.

Constructive Male Engagement
Promotes gender equity with regard to
reproductive health, increases men's support for
women's reproductive health and children's
well-being, and advances the reproductive health
of both men and women.
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Homophobia

• Irrational fear of, aversion to, or
  discrimination against homosexuals or homosexual
  behavior or cultures. Homophobia also refers to
  the self-loathing by homosexuals as well as the
  fear of men who do not live up to societys
  standards of what it is to be a true man.

Heterosexism
The presumption that everyone is heterosexual
and/or the belief that heterosexual people are
naturally superior to homosexual and bisexual
people.
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Overview of USAID ADS Requirements and USG
HIV/AIDS Legislation
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USAID, Gender, and Development

• Through attention to gender issues, our
  development assistance programs will be more
  equitable, more effective and ultimatelymore
  sustainable.
• USAID Gender Plan of Action, 1996

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USAID, Gender, and Development

• Men and women have different access to
  development programs and are affected differently
  by USAID activities.
• USAID seeks to understand these differences, to
  improve the efficiency and overall impact of its
  programs, and to ensure that both women and men
  have equitable access to development activities
  and their benefits.
• From USAIDs Automated Directives System (ADS)

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ADS Key Questions for Planning

• How will gender relations affect the achievement
  of sustainable results?
• How will proposed results affect the relative
  status of men and women?
• Are women and men involved or affected
  differently by the context or work to be
  undertaken?
• If so, would this difference be an important
  factor in managing for sustainable program
  impact?

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ADS Requirements, Sep 2008

• Mission Strategic Planning
• ADS 201.3.9.1 Statement of Strategic Objective
• ADS 201.3.9.3 Gender Considerations
• How will gender relations affect the achievement
  of sustainable results?
• How will proposed results affect the relative
  status of men and women?
• ADS 201.3.11.6 Activity Design
• Are women and men involved or affected
  differently by the context or work to be
  undertaken?
• If so, would this difference be an important
  factor in managing sustainable program impact?

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ADS Requirements, Sep 2008

• 201.3.11.16 Activity Approval
• Outline the most significant gender issues that
  need to be considered during implementation and
  describe expected outcomes.
• If the Operating Unit determines that there are
  no significant gender issues, provide a brief
  rationale to that effect.
• ADS 203.3.4.3 Reflecting Gender Considerations
  in Performance Indicators
• Gender-sensitive indicators
• Sex-disaggregated data
• ADS 302.3.5.15 and 302.3.6.3 Incorporating
  Gender Considerations into Evaluation Criteria
  for Competitive Solicitations

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Illustrative Examples of Gender Evaluation
Criteria

• For Program Implementation and Evaluation
• Gender research, analyses, or assessments, and
  consultations with womens advocacy groups
• Gender-equitable consultation and participation
  in all phases of activities
• Gender considerations in activity design,
  training, and procurement actions
• Sex-disaggregated data for indicators and targets

• For Institutional Capacity
• Commitment to gender in previous contracts,
  cooperative agreements, or grants
• Gender-equitable policies and mission statements
• Publications on gender issues

• For Staff Qualifications
• Key personnel with demonstrated sectoral and
  gender analysis skills
• Position descriptions that require gender
  expertise, especially for leadership positions

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Gender in the Foreign Assistance Framework

• Two gender sub-Key Issues are identified in the
  Operational Plan
• Increasing Gender Equity
• Reducing Gender-based Violence
• The sub-Key Issues cut across all Functional
  Objectives
• All individual-level indicators to be
  disaggregated by sex

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Gender and PEPFAR
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USG Global Five-year HIV/AIDS Strategy (PEPFAR I)

• Recognizes gender inequality as driving HIV and
  contributing to the devastation of HIV/AIDS
• Calls for efforts to target men with messages
  that challenge norms about masculinity
• Calls for efforts to mitigate and reduce violence
• Gapsespecially in the areas of treatment and
  care

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Gender in PEPFAR Strategy

• Two-pronged approach
• Gender integration in all program areas
  (prevention, care, and treatment)
• Programming along five strategic, cross-cutting
  areas
• Implementation 5-year country strategies, COP
  technical guidance and review, TA, and resources
  from Gender Technical Working Group (GTWG),
  gender focal points/advisors

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Fighting the gendered dynamic that is frequently
transmitted with the disease itself must become a
critical component of any expanded HIV-prevention
programs in the next phase of U.S. HIV/AIDS
efforts.
Senator Russell Feingold, May 2007
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Five Key Legislative Issues PEPFAR I

• Increasing gender equity in HIV/AIDS
  
  activities and services
• Reducing violence and coercion
• Addressing male norms and behaviors
• Increasing womens legal protection
• Increasing womens access to income and
  productive resources

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1. Increasing gender equity

• PEPFAR-supported programs should promote
  proactive and innovative strategies to ensure
  that men and women and girls and boys have access
  to prevention, care, and treatment services. This
  includes tailoring services to meet the unique
  needs of various beneficiary groups.

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2. Addressing male norms and behaviors

• Men can play a critical role in promoting gender
  equity, preventing violence, and promoting sexual
  and reproductive health. Recognizing that men
  can either impede or promote health
  interventions, PEPFAR encourages country teams to
  develop programs that promote positive male
  engagement and behavior change.

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3. Reducing violence and coercion

• Women who live in fear for their lives (and their
  childrens lives) and who are unable to make
  their own decisions about sex are at a greatly
  increased risk of becoming infected with HIV.
  Reducing violence against women increases their
  access to services and their ability to negotiate
  safer sex and take advantage of education and
  employment activities.

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4. Increasing womens access to income and
productive resources

• PEPFAR recognizes that womens and girls lack
  of economic assets increase their vulnerabilities
  to HIV. Providing women with economic
  opportunities (increasing access to employment,
  training, and microfinance activities) empowers
  them to avoid high-risk behaviors, seek and
  receive healthcare services, and better care for
  their families.

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5. Increasing womens legal protection

• Many of the norms and practices that increase
  womens vulnerability to HIV and limit their
  capacity to deal with its consequences are
  reinforced by policies, laws, and legal practices
  that discriminate against women. Women denied
  enforceable legal rights and protections,
  including property and inheritance rights, are
  often unable to meet the basic needs of survival
  for themselves and their children, increasing
  their vulnerability to HIV.

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Gender Analysis Integration
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I. Gender Analysis
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What is Gender Analysis?

• Gender analysis draws on social science methods
  to examine relational differences in womens and
  mens and girls and boys
• Roles and identities
• Needs and interests
• Access to and exercise of power
• and the impact of these differences in their
  lives and health.

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How does Gender Analysis Help Us Design and
Manage Better Health Programs?

• Through data collection and analysis, it
  identifies and interprets
• The consequences of gender differences and
  relations for achieving health objectives, and
• The implications of health interventions for
  changing relations of power between women and
  men.

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Different Approaches, But Two Fundamental
Questions

• How will gender relations affect the achievement
  of sustainable results?
• How will proposed results affect the relative
  status of men and women? (I.e., will it
  exacerbate inequalities or accommodate or
  transform gender relations?)

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To Understand Gender Relations, Many Gender
Analyses . . .

• Examine different domains of gender relations,
  e.g.
• Practices, Roles, and Participation
• Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions
• (some of which are norms)
• Access to Resources
• Rights and Status

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What are the Different Constraints and
Opportunities Faced by Women and Men?

• How do gender relations (in different domains of
  activity) affect the achievement of sustainable
  results?
• How will proposed results affect the relative
  status of men and women (in different domains of
  activity)?

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Different Domains of Gender Analysis

• Practices, Roles, and Participation
• Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions (some of
  which are norms)
• Access to Assets
• Legal Rights and Status
• ? Power

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Practices, Roles, and Participation

• Gender structures peoples behaviors and
  actionswhat they do (Practices), the way they
  carry out what they do (Roles), and how and where
  they spend their time (Participation).

• Participation in
• Activities
• Meetings
• Political Processes
• Services
• Training Courses

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Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions (some of
which are norms)

• Knowledge that men and women are privy towho
  knows what
• Beliefs (ideology) about how men and women and
  boys and girls should conduct their daily lives
• Perceptions that guide how people interpret
  aspects of their lives differently depending on
  their gender identity

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Access to Assets

• The capacity to access resources necessary to be
  a fully active and productive (socially,
  economically, and politically) participant in
  society.

• Assets
• Natural and productive resources
• Information
• Education
• Social capital
• Income
• Services
• Employment
• Benefits

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Legal Rights and Status

• Refers to how gender affects the way people are
  regarded and treated by both customary law and
  the formal legal code and judicial system.
• Rights
• Inheritance
• Legal documents
• Identity cards
• Property titles
• Voter registration
• Reproductive choice
• Representation
• Due process

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Power

• Gender relations influence peoples ability to
  freely decide, influence, control, enforce, and
  to engage in collective actions.
• To exercise decisions about
• Control (acquire and dispose of) resources
• Value certain knowledge more than other
• Ones body (reproductive choice)
• Children
• Choice of occupation and participation in
  activities
• Affairs of the household, community,
  municipality,
• and state
• Voting, running for office, and legislating
• Entering into legal contracts
• Moving about and associating with others

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In Short, Gender Analysis Reveals Gender-based
Opportunities and Constraints
Gender-based Opportunities are gender relations
(in different domains) that facilitate mens or
womens access to resources or opportunities of
any type.

• Gender-based Constraints
• are gender relations (in different domains) that
  inhibit either mens or womens access to
  resources or opportunities of any type.

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Different Contexts

• And remember, gender constraints and
  opportunities need to be investigated in specific
  contexts, as they vary over time and across

• Social relationships
• Partnerships
• Households
• Communities
• Civil society and governmental organizations/insti
  tutions

• Sociocultural contexts
• Ethnicity
• Class
• Race
• Residence
• Age

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II. Integrating Gender into the Program Cycle
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Strategic Information and Program Life Cycle
ASSESSMENT What is the nature of the (health)
problem?
1
EVALUATION How do I know that the strategy is
working? How do I judge if the intervention is
making a difference?
STRATEGIC PLANNING What primary objectives should
my program pursue to address this problem?
2
5
3
4
DESIGN What strategy, interventions, and
approaches should my program use to achieve these
priorities?
MONITORING How do I know the activities are being
implemented as designed? How much does
implementation vary from site to site? How can
the program become more efficient or effective?
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Moving from Analysis to Action

• Key tips
• Based on the analysis of gender constraints and
  opportunities
• Specify sub-objectives and actions and
• Tie indicators to change in specific constraints
  and opportunities.

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Using a Worksheet (Table 1)
Program goal and/or overall health objective
__________________________________________________
____ Step 1 Conduct a gender
analysis of your program by answering the
following questions for your
program goal or objective.
A. What are the key gender relations inherent in each domain (the domains are listed below) that affect women and girls and men and boys? B. What other potential information is missing but needed about gender relations?   C. What are the gender-based constraints to reaching program objectives?   D. What are the gender-based opportunities to reaching program objectives?  
Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies
  Practices, roles, and participation      Knowledge, beliefs, perceptions (some of which are norms)     Access to assets      Legal rights and status      Power and decision making                                                                  
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Using a Worksheet (Table 2)
Steps 2-5 Using the information you entered in
Table 1, answer the following questions for your
program goal/objective.
Step 2. What gender-integrated objectives can you include in your strategic planning to address gender-based opportunities or constraints? Step 3. What proposed activities can you design to address gender-based opportunities or constraints? Steps 4 5. What indicators for monitoring and evaluation will show if (1) the gender-based opportunity has been taken advantage of or (2) the gender-based constraint has been removed?
                                                                                                                       
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Small Group Work

• Instructions for Exercise
• Read your assigned case study
• Groups 1A and 1BCase study 1 (fill in)
• Groups 2A and 2BCase study 2 (fill in)
• Complete Table 1, identifying gender-based
  opportunities, constraints, and missing
  information
• Complete Table 2, identifying gender
  sub-objectives, activities, and indicators
• Record highlights of your responses on flipchart
  paper
• Groups 1A and 2ATable 1
• Groups 1B and 2BTable 2

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Resources at USAID

• Interagency Gender Working Group (IGWG)
• WID Office
• USAID Gender Specialists
• PEPFAR Gender Technical Working Group

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Thank You!