Sigmund Freud:

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Sigmund Freud

• The Most Influential Psychologist of the 19th and
  20th Centuries

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Freuds Bio

• Born in 1856, lives in Vienna as a boy.
• 1873 studies medicine at the University of
  Vienna.
• Collaborates on the talking cure.
• 1886 he marries and opens private practice.
• Discards hypnosis for the couch and free
  association techniques. He sought to answer the
  question What past traumatic events caused his
  patients current suffering?

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Freuds Bio Continued

• 1900 Publishes The interpretation of Dreams
• 1901 Publishes The Psychopathology of Everyday
  life. Discusses Freudian slips, and the sex
  drive.
• Famous Theory The Oedipus Complex
• By 1910 Freud becomes a household word.
• 1923 Diagnosed with cancer of the jaw, as a
  result of years of cigar smoking. Over 30
  operations in the next 16 years.
• Flees Nazi occupied Austria in 1938. Germans
  burn his books.
• 1939 dies in England.

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Major Freudian Concepts

• Infantile Sexuality
• Structure of the Mind Id, Ego and Superego
• Defense Mechanisms of the Ego repression,
  sublimation, fixation, regression, denial,
  displacement, and dissociation

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Infantile Sexuality

• Thesis (Freud, Breuer, et. al.) Early childhood
  sexual experiences are the crucial factors in the
  adult personality.
• Stages inherent in normal human development
• The Oral Stage
• Anal Stage
• Phallic Stage
• Castration Anxiety
• Any disruption at one of these stages could lead
  to neurotic behavior. For instance oral or anal
  fixations.

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Structure of the Mind

• Id (pleasure--the child) Unconscious mind. It
  contains all the basic needs and feelings. It is
  the source for libido (sex drive and psychic
  energy). And it has only one rule I want it and
  I want it all now.
• Ego (I--the adult) Conscious and unconscious
  mind. Functions with the rational part of the
  mind. The Ego develops out of growing awareness
  that you cant always get what you want. The Ego
  realizes the need for compromise and negotiates
  between the Id and the Superego.
• Superego (perfection--idealist) Conscious and
  unconscious mind. Conscience or keeper of morals,
  the Superego is the last part of the mind to
  develop. The Superego becomes an embodiment of
  parental and societal values. It stores and
  enforces rules.

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Structure of the Mind Imbalances that can lead
to Neurosis

• Id too strong bound up in self-gratification
  and uncaring to others
• Ego too strong extremely rational and
  efficient, but cold, boring and distant
• Superego too strong feels guilty all the time,
  may even have an insufferably saintly personality

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Defense Mechanisms of the Ego

• Definition The minds way of preventing
  conflict that could result in acute pain.
• The Ego responds to three threats
• Id--Urges too strong/can create chaos
• The Outside world or real danger
• Superego--Self censure and guilt/ anxiety
• Ego defenses are only successful if the conscious
  part of your ego is unaware of the unconscious
  actions of the ego.

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Defense Mechanisms Vocabulary

• All of these states are normal reactions at
  various stages in our development. They can
  become causes for neurotic (irrational) behavior.
  
• Sublimation Channeling the sex drive (perceived
  as wrong) into the achievement of socially
  acceptable goals in art, science, poetry,
  religion (love of god), etc.
• Fixation Failure to progress beyond one of the
  developmental stages.
• Repression Pushing conflicts such as memories or
  too much input from id or superego into the
  unconscious. Can never really get rid of the
  conflict must deal with it at a later time. May
  result in neurotic behavior if the id becomes too
  strong.
• Denial claiming/believing that what is true to
  be actually false.

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Defense Mechanisms Vocabulary (Contd)

• Regression Moving backwards to a stage already
  completed (ie. Acting like a child).
• Displacement Emotion (typically negative or
  aggressive) directed at a less threatening
  target.
• Dissociation Individual dissociates from his
  feelings caused by a traumatic event. This can
  range from the simple spacing out due to too
  much stimulus or being tired, to pathological
  conditions like flashbacks, multiple personality
  disorders or amnesia.
• Combat for instance can cause battle fatigue
  or PTSD. Other examples of extreme trauma are
  near-death experiences, severe humiliation,
  unbearable losses, and physical or sexual abuse.
  Compared to repression, memories are
  splintered and distorted, not just lost. There
  is often a repetition compulsion to repeat some
  part of the traumatic experience, experiencing it
  over and over.