Standard Training Procedures

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Standard Training Procedures
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BO 105 EC 135 BK
117 / EC 145
FADEC - Emergencies EC 135
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D i s c l a i m e r
The information given in this presentation
represents my personal view and deals with
general airmanship ! I will not take
responsibility in case of training
accidents. Allways the current Flight Manual of
the helicopter used for training has to be
regarded as the correct source of information.
The autor
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Standard Procedures
There are two different FADEC emergencies !
FADEC - failure Which means the FADEC has lost
its control and Fuel Flow has to be regulated
manually by the pilot
or
Twist Grip emergency Which means the pilot has
unintentionally moved the twist grip out of the
Norm position and now (depending on which engine
is installed) he has to perform the respective
resetting of the Fuel Flow system
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Lets talk aboutthe twist grip mishap !
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Standard Procedures
Twist Grip emergency - EC 135 Version T1 T2
Whenever the pilot moves the twist grip
unintentionally out of its Norm position, the
caution lights TWIST GRIP and DEGRADE on the CAD
will come on. ( Sure TWIST GRIP will also come on
if the twist grip is used intentionally - but
that's another story.)
Now, what to do ??
Remember from the ground course ? As long as the
FADEC is working - for every little change on the
twist grip, there is a compensation performed
with the FADEC operated stepper motor !
That means - there is no change of control
behavior until nearly IDLE position of the twist
grip !
So you can slowly rotate the twist grip back to N
! The engine will not react at all but observe
that the system really performs as expected
! Verify that TWIST GRIP caution goes off - and
continue normal flight.
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Standard Procedures
Twist Grip emergency - EC 135 Version P1 P2
Whenever the pilot moves the twist grip
unintentionally out of its Norm position, the
caution TWIST GRIP on CAD comes on - at the same
time - the caution ENG MANUAL on CAD comes on
and the engine will change its mode of
operation! ( from automatic to MANUAL !!)
Now, what to do ??
If you did not change the collective position -
you may directly turn the twist grip back to N
If you have changed the collective during the
mishap !! Adjust the collective to the position
where the mishap started, ( But maintain both
engines within their Torque-Limits! ) and perform
a reset procedure.
Version P 2 will reset automatically to
FADEC-NORM (means automatic mode) when the Twist
grip is returned to N !! Version P 1 will not
reset the FADEC automatically !! The pilot must
reset the engine mode with the ENG MODE switch!
(Open the safety guard - change to MAN -
Close the safety guard again)
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Lets talk aboutFADEC - failure !
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure
Remember from the ground course ?
Whenever the FADEC fails - the Fuel Flow is
locked at its actual position and the only way
to change it is - to change the power adjustment
manually with the Twist Grip!
That means, as long as the collective is not
changed, the Fuel Flow ( power output Torque /
RPM ) will not change !!
So, whenever you get a FADEC FAIL indication, the
best reaction is no reaction! Means, do not
change collective position!
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure
Two different FADEC FAIL indications are possible
!
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure
Two different FADEC FAIL indications are possible
!
A) FADEC FAIL with FLI indications !
And FADEC FAIL in CAD !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ 60
TRQ 60
TOT 725C
TOT 725C
N 1 94,5
N 1 94,5
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure
Two different FADEC FAIL indications are possible
!
If we have a computer failure, this will be the
most likely !!
Remember from the ground course ? Only the N 1
is directly routed to the VEMD and therefore
indicated even during FADEC FAIL !!
B) FADEC FAIL without FLI indications !
And FADEC FAIL in CAD !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 60
60
TOT
TOT 725
725
NOTE The same N 1 means same Tq !!
N 1 94,5
N 1 94,5
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FADEC failure
There are two main scenarios for a FADEC failure !
A) Failure with high power setting on FLI
B) Failure with low power setting on FLI
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Lets talk aboutFADEC - failurewith high power
setting !
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure
This is the FADEC FAIL indication with high power
setting
In this case, what will happen when the pilot
changes the collective ?
With little changes (good engine not less than
20 Tq) no change of Rotor RPM. Attention!
Whenever you lower the collective more - the N2
/ NRO will increase ! Whenever you lift the
collective - the N2 / NRO will not change !
Why ??
And FADEC FAIL in CAD !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 70
70
TOT
TOT 725
725
N 1 94,5
N 1 94,5
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
On the good engine
Torque and N1 / TOT will go up and down like
normal cause this engine is still
FADEC operated. So N2 / NRO-RPM output
is controlled and stable !!
On the FADEC FAIL engine Present Fuel
Flow is locked, resulting in increase
of N2 / NRO-RPM, whenever the collective
is lowered to less than 20 Torque!
(cause angle of attack resistance is lowered
!)
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
This is the situation when the pilot lowers the
collective briefly !
Now, what to do to avoid this situation?? Do not
lower the collective to more than 20 Torque !!
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 5
70 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 605C
725 ??
N 1 96,0
N 1 80,5
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
How to react to a FADEC FAIL indication ??
First of all - do nothing !! (means - do not
change the collective !!)
As long as the collective is not changed - the
Fuel Flow ( and the RPM ) will not change !!
Then - identify which engine is affected and -
grab only the Twist Grip of the affected engine -
keep your hand always there ! - you can always
fly and LASAPrac without twist grip change as
long as your power setting on the good engine
is not lower than 20 TRQ !
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
How to continue ??
Fly with very little power changes and
Land as soon as practicable
When preparing for approach (before entering the
traffic pattern) reduce speed and set the power
of the FADEC FAIL engine for approach
How to do that ??
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
When during speed reduce the torque of the good
engine reaches 20
Turn the Twist Grip of the bad engine out of N
to the low power side - until TWIST GRIP on CAD
comes on. Maintain the good engine within TRQ
limit!!
What will happen ??
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 20
70 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 625C
710 ??
N 1 96,0
N 1 83,5
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
On the FADEC FAIL engine Engine
parameters will go down (due to less Fuel Flow)
On the good engine
Torque and N1 / TOT will increase, cause it will
compensate automatically the missing
power from the bad engine. N2 is always
regulated on this engine, means NRO is constant !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 50
20 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 655C
625C ??
N 1 83,0
N 1 91,0
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
How to continue ??
Fly with very little power changes,
during landing - at short final - reduce the
speed very - very slowly and if power requirement
is low, perform a landing with use of OEI - power.
If power seems not to be sufficient for the
landing -
when the torque of the good engine reaches Pos 8
on FLI
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
Which is this situation !!
Turn the Twist Grip back into N !!
What will happen ??
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 60
20 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 725C
625C ??
N 1 83,0
N 1 96,0
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
On the FADEC FAIL engine The power will
return to the same power setting as before!
Means all parameters will increase again to
the same Fuel Flow which was present
at the time of failure.
On the good engine
Torque and N1 / TOT will decrease a little, cause
it will compensate automatically the
new power setting of the bad engine.
N2 / NRO is always regulated on this engine,
means is constant !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 40
70 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 655C
710 ??
N 1 96,0
N 1 91,0
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
You may now land out of a hover - but - after
touch down, the problem of high rotor rpm will
return again !
Now, what to do ??
Same like before, when RPM comes up !
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
Whenever the N2 / NRO increases or comes close to
the maximum (104 ) - depending on altitude !
Turn the Twist Grip again to the low power side
until TWIST GRIP on CAD comes on!!
RPM will go down !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 5
70 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 605C
710 ??
N 1 96,0
N 1 80,5
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
You can now lower the collective (always slowly
!!) and try to shutdown the engine with the ENG
MAIN switch.
If the shut down with the ENG MAIN switch is not
possible - use the twist grip for manual shut
down !
Thats it !
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Lets talk aboutFADEC - failurewith low power
setting !
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
This is the FADEC FAIL indication with low power
setting !
NOTE Do not lower the collective to less than
10 Tq on the good engine in
order to avoid an increase of NRO like in AR !
And FADEC FAIL in CAD !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 25
25 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 625C
625C ??
N 1 84,5
N 1 84,5
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
Now, what will happen when the pilot changes the
collective ?
As long as you do not lower the collective below
10 - the N2 / NRO will not change !
Whenever you lift the collective - the N2 / NRO
will not change !
Why ??
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
Now, what will happen when the pilot changes the
collective ?
As long as you do not lower the collective below
10 - the N2 / NRO will not change !
Whenever you lift the collective - the N2 / NRO
will not change !
Why ??
On the good engine
Torque and N1 / TOT will go up and down like
normal cause this engine is still
FADEC operated. So N2 / NRO-RPM output
is stable !!
On the FADEC FAIL engine Present Fuel
Flow is locked at a very low level, which is
not enough to increase the N2 /
NRO-RPM as long as the collective
(means angle of attack resistance) is not
lowered below approximately 10 of
torque one the good engine! (lower
angle of attack will force the rotor to act like
during autorotation means increase of
R-RPM)
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
This is the situation when the pilot lifts the
collective to perform a go around procedure!
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 70
25 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 715C
625C ??
N 1 84,5
N 1 95,6
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
Now, how to continue ??
You can allways perform a go-around procedure
and then
Land as soon as practicable (fly with very little
power changes)
during landing - at short final - reduce speed
very, very slowly and if power requirement is
low, perform a landing with use of OEI - power.
If power seems not to be sufficient for the
landing -
when the torque of the good engine reaches Pos 8
on FLI
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
Which is this situation !!
Turn the Twist Grip slowly out of N to the high
power side until the bad engine assists with
power. But max until TWIST GRIP caution comes
on!!
What will happen ??
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 60
25 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 675C
625C ??
N 1 84,5
N 1 96,4
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
On the FADEC FAIL engine Power and all
parameters will increase cause the
Fuel Flow will increase.
On the good engine
Torque and N1 / TOT will decrease a little, cause
it will compensate automatically the
new power setting of the bad engine.
N2 / NRO is always regulated on this engine,
means is constant !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 40
65 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 655C
710 ??
N 1 97,4
N 1 90,0
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
You may now land out of a hover - but - after
touch down, the problem of high rotor rpm will
return again !
Now, what to do ??
Same like before, when RPM comes up !
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - high power setting !
Whenever the N2 / NRO increases or comes close to
the maximum (104 ) - depending on altitude !
Turn the Twist Grip back to N or if necessary
less, until TWIST GRIP on CAD comes on!!
RPM will go down !
FADEC FAIL
TRQ
TRQ 5
70 ??
N 2 / N RO
TOT
TOT 605C
710 ??
N 1 96,0
N 1 80,5
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Standard Procedures
FADEC failure - low power setting !
You can now lower the collective (allways slowly
!!) and try to shutdown the engine with the ENG
MAIN switch.
If shutdown with ENG MAIN switch not possible,
use the twist grip for manual shut down !
Thats it !
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Standard Training Procedures
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Many happy landings and enjoy your FADEC
training !