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NUTRITION, FEEDS AND FEEDING

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LIVER - Process and storage of lipids and carbohydrates, ... extract fat soluble vitamins, carotene, chlorophyll, sterols, waxes, fats and fatty acids ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: NUTRITION, FEEDS AND FEEDING


1
NUTRITION, FEEDS AND FEEDING
  • Digestive process in fishes
  • Organs involved function
  • Nutritional requirements
  • Feed processing/characteristics
  • Energy budgets
  • Feeding regimes/rates

2
AILIMENTARY TRACK
  • Oral Cavity - Mouth, Teeth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach - Cardiac and Pyloric
  • Intestine Small, large and rectum

3
Digestive Organs - Liver
  • LIVER - Process and storage of lipids and
    carbohydrates, production of plasma proteins
  • Formation of bile

4
Gall Bladder
  • Stores bile and secretes into gut
  • Bilirubin (yellow color) oxidizes to biliverdin
    (blue-green) over time

5
Digestive Organs- Pancreas
  • Exocrine
  • Scattered islands of secretory tissue in
    mesentery pyloric caeca
  • Endocrine - Islets of Langerhans
  • Insulin and glucagon production for carbohydrate,
    fat and protein metabolism

6
Classifications of fish species
  • Coldwater Carnivores
  • Coolwater Carnivores or omnivores
  • Warmwater Herbivores or omnivores
  • Feed must meet specific dietary requirements

7
NUTRITION, METABOLISM AND GROWTH

8
Proximate analysis
  • Feed formulated based on analysis of individual
    ingredients
  • Moisture
  • Ether extract fat soluble vitamins, carotene,
    chlorophyll, sterols, waxes, fats and fatty acids
  • Ash
  • Crude fiber low digestible plant carbohydrates
  • Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) consists mainly of
    digestible carbohydrates

9
PROTEIN
  • 30-50 in most fish diets
  • IMPORTANT FOR FISH structure/muscle, gonads and
    growth
  • Proteins
  • Linear relationship between daily protein and
    growth
  • Utilization of protein relatively constant and
    independent of feeding - (carnivore, omnivore,
    herbivore)

10
CARBOHYDRATES
  • Not very important for most fish species
  • Appear as sugars and starches
  • Trout have limited ability to digest
    sugars/starches
  • May affect fish health
  • Catfish digest starch well

11
CARBOHYDRATES
  • Fish lack the enzyme cellulase
  • Unable to break down cellulose
  • Fiber usually considered to have 0 nutritional
    value
  • Cellulose often used as binding agent
  • Levels of 10 to 20 have resulted in growth
    depression in rainbow trout
  • Catfish?

12
LIPIDS
  • Lipids for energy, structure and function of
    _____________
  • Fish utilize lipids with low melting points (Pu
    fa) - polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • Typically supplied in diets from 7-16

13
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
  • Triglycerides with polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • w 3 and w 6 - Omega or linolenic series (n-
    series) of fatty acids
  • Digestibility of lipids is 85-95
  • Major source is fish oil (salmonids) or soybean
    oil (ictalurids)

14
MINERALS
  • Required by all animals fish can uptake some
    from water
  • Formation of skeletal tissue
  • Respiration
  • Digestion
  • Osmoregulation (SW high minerals/salts, FW
    low
  • Major minerals
  • Ca, Phos, Sulphur, sodium, chloride ion, K,
    Magnesium
  • Trace minerals
  • Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Iron,
    Manganese, etc.

15
MINERALS
  • Dietary Phosphorus
  • Phosphorus reduction
  • Increase plant protein
  • High in phytate phosphorus

16
VITAMINS
  • COMPLEX SUBSTANCES
  • FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
  • A- Retinol - carotenoids converted in intestinal
    mucosa
  • E - Tocopherol - antioxidants in fish diets
  • K - Two forms in green plants - blood clotting
    and bacteriostatic
  • D - calciferols not well understood

17
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
  • B1 - coenzyme of carbohydrate metab
  • digestion, reproduction, nervous system
  • B2 - Riboflavin- eyes function, cataracts
  • B6 - Pyridoxin
  • Pantothenic acid
  • Lamellar hyperplasia
  • Inositol - reduced growth rates

18
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
  • Niacin - haemorrhage erosion epidermis
  • Biotin - can cause darkening anorexia
  • Choline -poor growth and conversion
  • Cyanocobalamic (B12)- anemia
  • Folic acid - haemopoiesis - erythrocytic anemia

19
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
  • Ascorbic Acid (C)
  • Important - Collagen skeletal systems
  • Wound healing, disease resistance
  • Fish and primates can not synthesize

20
Other dietary factors
  • Attractants
  • Attract fish by sight or smell (shrimp meal, fish
    oil, fish meal, etc.)
  • Pigments
  • External
  • Crayfish, red snapper, koi, etc.
  • Flesh color pink in salmon or trout
  • Must be obtained from feed (crustaceans, yeast,
    plants/algae)

21
Other dietary factors
  • Behavior
  • How a feed particle moves through water column
  • Mimic natural food

22
Practical diets
  • Dry feeds
  • Made from all dry ingredients with addition of
    liquid fat (fish or oilseed oil)
  • Pellets, crumbles, or flakes
  • Floating or sinking feeds of various size
    designations

23
Practical diets
  • Pellets
  • Feed ingredients mixed and forced under pressure
    through different size dies
  • Stability varies depending on binders used

24
Practical diets
  • Microencapsulated small particles of uniform
    nutritional make up
  • Slurry of fine ground ingredients
  • Encased in proteinaceous membrane (microcapsule)
  • Expensive, but used for some species (larval
    marine)
  • Moist and Semi-moist feeds (OMP 32 moisture)
  • Formulated with high of whole fish
  • Stored frozen

25
Practical diets
  • Extruded feeds/pellets
  • Mixed ingredients passed through extruder barrel
  • Floating, slow sinking, and stable pellet
  • Increase lipid content (energy) by spraying
    extruded feeds after process
  • Enhanced digestibility of some ingredients
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