Biology

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Biology

• The study of Living Things

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Living Things

• Characteristics of living things
• Made of cells
• Obtain and use energy
• Grow and develop
• Reproduce
• Respond to their environment
• Adapt to their environment

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Cells

• Make up all living things
• Are the basic units of structure and function in
  all living things
• Humans are made of trillions of cells and there
  are hundreds of different types.

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Two Classifications of Cells

• Prokaryotic Cells
• 1st form of life
• No nucleus
• Only form Unicellular organisms (one celled)
• Example Bacteria

• Eukaryotic Cells
• Formed from prokaryotes
• Have a nucleus
• Form unicellular and multicellular organisms.
• Example Plants and animals

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Types of Living Things

• Unicellular organisms
• Function by itself without need of other cells
  for survival
• Bacteria
• Protozoa
• Unicellular algae, fungi and yeast
• pathogens

• Multicellular organisms
• Made of many cells that are specialized,
  interconnected and work interdependently to
  function and survive.
• Plants and animals

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Plant and Animal Cells

• Structure Function
• Cell Membrane Outer cell lining for protection
• Cytoplasm Liquid that organelles float in
• Nucleus Control center with DNA
• Nuclear Membrane Protects nucleus
• Vacuoles Stores and disposes waste
• Mitochondria Produces energy
• Ribosomes Makes protein from amino acids
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell transportation
  system
• Golgi Apparatus Package and ship protein
• Cell Wall Give Plant cells their shape
• Chloroplast Used for photosynthesis in Plant
  cells

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Tissue

• A group of similar cells working together
• 4 types
• Epithelial tissue
• Nervous
• Muscle
• Connective

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Epithelial Tissue

• Covers and protects underlying tissue
• Ex. - Skin

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Nervous Tissue

• Sends electrical signals through the body
• Found in the brain, nerves and sense organs

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Muscle Tissue

• Made of cells that can contract and relax to
  produce movement
• 3 Types Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

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3 Types of Muscle Tissue

• Cardiac - only found in the heart
• Smooth - line the wall of structures inside the
  body
• Skeletal - makes the body move

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Connective Tissue

• Joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes,
  and cushions organs
• Keeps organs from falling apart

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ORGANS

• Two or more tissues working together
• Organs that work together make up an organ system
• The body has 11 major organ systems

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Integumentary System

• Skin, hair and nails
• protects underlying tissue.
• Main function is protection
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Helps remove waste from the body
• Produces Vitamin D
• Receives stimuli such as pressure, heat, cold and
  pain

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Muscular System

• The human body contains more than 650 individual
  muscles
• The muscular system provides movement for the
  body
• Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary

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3 Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal Muscle Attached to the skeleton and
  moves parts of the body
• Smooth Muscle Usually involuntary and found in
  internal organs
• Cardiac Muscle Only found in the heart

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Skeletal System

• Provides shape
• Supports and protects the body
• Allows bodily movement
• Produces red blood cells an average of 2.6
  million cells each second
• Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

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Skeletal System

• Bones - More than 206 bones in the human body.
• Ligaments - attaches bone to bone
• Tendons - attaches muscle to bone
• Cartilage

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Cardiovascular System

• Heart, blood and blood vessels (arteries, veins
  and capillaries)
• Transports blood (oxygen and nutrients)
  throughout the body

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Respiratory System

• Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi
• Diaphram - muscle that helps w/breathing
• Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

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Nervous System

• Central Nervous System - brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System - Nerve cells (neurons)
• Sends and receives messages (electrical impulses)
  to and from the brain.

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Lymphatic System

• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland,
  tonsils, spleen
• Returns excess fluid in the body to the
  bloodstream.
• Helps fight against pathogens

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Digestive System

• Digestive Tract - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
  stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
  rectum, anus
• Liver, pancreas, and gall bladder.
• Receives and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients,
  and excretes waste.

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Endocrine System

• Glands and hormones
• Pituitary
• Hypothalamus
• Regulates body functions

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Urinary System

• Kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra,

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Reproductive System

• Male reproductive system - Produces and delivers
  sperm.
• Female reproductive system - Produces eggs and
  nourishes and shelters the unborn baby.

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Organ systems and Homeostasis

• The body usually maintains homeostasis when all
  of the organ systems are running smoothly.
• Every organ system helps maintain homeostasis.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable
  internal environment.
• Organ systems cannot work independently.
• Organ systems rely on each other to work properly.