Chapter 28 Respiration

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Chapter 28 Respiration
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I. Introduction

• A. Functions of the respiratory system
• 1. Works in conjunction with the circulatory
  system
• 2. Provides oxygen for cellular respiration
• B. The respiratory system and smoking

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II. Evolution of the respiratory system

• A. Gas exchange in all organisms depends on
  diffusion
• 1. The respiratory surface must remain moist
• 2. The respiratory system must have a large
  surface area

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II. Evolution of the respiratory system

• B. Changes in the respiratory system needed to
  accommodate organisms
• 1. Increase in surface area of the organisms
  over time
• 2. Conversion from aquatic to terrestrial
  environments

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III. Respiratory systems and gas exchange

• A. Interrelated with circulatory system
• B. Mechanisms of gas movement
• 1. Bulk flow from areas of higher pressure to
  areas of lower pressure
• 2. Simple diffusion at the tissue or lung level

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III. Respiratory systems and gas exchange

• C. Gas exchange in aquatic environmentsgills
• D. Gas exchange in terrestrial environments
• 1. Book lungs
• 2. Tracheae
• 3. Lungs

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IV. Human respiratory system

• A. The conducting portion
• 1. Carries air to the lungs
• 2. Warms and moistens air moving through it
• 3. Cilia that line the trachea, bronchi, and
  bronchioles filter dust particles

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IV. Human respiratory system

• B. Gas exchange portion
• 1. The alveoli have an enormous surface area
• 2. Capillaries surround the alveoli
• 3. The mechanism of gas exchange and transport
• a. Oxygen and hemoglobin
• b. Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions

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IV. Human respiratory system

• C. Mechanics of breathing
• 1. Inspirationactive inhalation of air
• a. Diaphragm and rib muscles contract, making
  the chest cavity larger
• b. Chest expansion causes the lungs to expand
  vacuum draws in air

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IV. Human respiratory system

• C. Mechanics of breathing (cont.)
• 2. Expirationpassive exhalation of air when
  muscles are relaxed

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IV. Human respiratory system

• D. Control of respiration
• 1. Description of breathing
• 2. Regulation of breathing by carbon dioxide

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