SAARC Workshop on Earthquake Risk Mitigation

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SAARC Workshop on Earthquake Risk Mitigation
Management in South Asia (October 8-9, 2009)
Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings in
Pakistan Awareness and Enforcement
Mumtaz J. Shabbir (GM/Head) Shaukat Qadeer (Chief
Engineer) National Engineering Services Pakistan
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Awareness
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Key sources of awareness in recent times

• Reconstruction in earthquake affected areas
• Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions
  2007
• Engineering Institutions
• NGOs

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Reconstruction in earthquake affected areas

• Non-engineered construction
• Reinforced Masonry
• Confined Masonry
• Timber Frame Construction (Dhajji)
• Timber Reinforced Masonry (Bhattar)
• Engineered Construction
• Confined Masonry
• Reinforced Concrete
• Light Guage Cold Formed Steel Construction
• Structural Insulated Panels

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Reconstruction in earthquake affected areas

• Information Dissimination
• Posters
• Booklets
• Media campaign
• Training
• Housing Reconstruction Centers
• On site training
• Monitoring
• Plinth level
• Lintel level
• Roof level

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Reinforced masonry
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Confined masonry

• Confined Masonry is a construction system
  where the walls are enclosed and tied together by
  columns and beams.

The ties work like a string around a parcel.
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Timber Frame Construction (Dhajji)

• Complete timber frame
• Base plate (Dassa)
• Studs
• Horizontal Runners
• Cross bracing
• Top plate
• Infill
• Brick
• Small sized stone
• Environmental impact

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Bhattar
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Reconstruction in earthquake affected areas

• Unprecedented awareness among the masses
  regarding earthquake resistant construction
• Creation of a highly skilled pool of artisans
• BUT
• Limited to earthquake affected areas only

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Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions
2007
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HISTORY OF BUILDING CODES IN PAKISTAN

• PRE-PARTITION
• BUILDING CODE FOR QUETTA MUNICIPALITY
• 1947 TO SEVENTIES
• BRITISH CODES PREVAILED
• LATE SEVENTIES
• AMERICAN CODES TOOK OVER GRADUALLY. AT
• PRESENT THESE ARE TAUGHT IN UNIVERSITIES
  AND
• PRACTICED BY ENGINEERS.
• 1986
• A BUILDING CODE OF PAKISTAN WAS DEVELOPED
• BUT NOT ENFORCED

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REVISION AND UP-DATING OF 1986 CODE

• OCTOBER 2005 EARTHQUAKE MADE OBVIOUS THE POOR
  DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN
• 2005 (AFTER EARTHQUAKE)
• WORK STARTED ON UPGRADING THE CODE, WITH
  PRIORITY GIVEN TO SEISMIC POVISIONS.

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SCOPE OF WORK

• WORK DIVIDED INTO TWO STAGES
• STAGE-I RECOMMENDATIONS OF PRELIMINARY
• SEISMIC DESIGNS PARAMETERS AND CRITERIA FOR
  SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS IN ISLAMABAD
  RAWALPINDI AREA
• STAGE-II SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION AND SEISMIC
  PROVISIONS FOR BUILDING COVERING WHOLE COUNTRY

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STEPS IN CODE DEVELOPMENT

• SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION
• REVIEW OF CODES WORLDWIDE
• ASSESSMENT OF PREVALENT CONSTRUCTION METHODS IN
  PAKISTAN
• SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE BASE DOCUMENTS
• FORMULATION OF CODE PROVISIONS FOR PAKISTAN
• REVIEW BY NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS

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BUILDING CODE SEISMIC PROVISIONS

• BASIC APPROACH
• EARTHQUAKE SAFETY OF BUILDINGS SHOULD NOT
  INCREASE COST UNNECESSARILY.
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION COMMONLY USED IN
  PAKISTAN SHOULD BE COVERED.
• BEST AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE BASE IN THE WORLD FOR
  EARTHQUAKE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS SHOULD BE INCLUDED
  IN THE CODE.

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REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

• UBC-97 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE
• ACI-2005 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
• BUILDING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
• AISC-2005 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL
  CONSTRUCTION, PROVISIONS FOR STRUCTURAL
  STEEL BUILDINGS
• ASCE-2005 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
• ENGINEERS MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS FOR
  BUILDINGS

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SEISMIC PROVISIONS APPROVALS

• SEISMIC PROVISIONS REVIEWED AND APPROVED BY
• - INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC), USA
• - CORE GROUP OF PAKISTAN
• ENGINEERING COUNCIL
• (PEC)
• - CABINET DIVISION

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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
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Educational Institution

• Exceptional motivation after earthquake of
  October 2005
• Creation of earthquake research centers
• Installation of Shake tables
• More and more universities offering Masters level
  degree in earthquake engineering
• Special projects
• Revisions of curriculums

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NON-GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS
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NGOs

• Partner Orgnizations for housing reconstruction
• Door to door Awareness compaign
• Seminars
• Training

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ENFORCEMENT
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Prerequisites for implementation

• Awareness
• Acceptance by end user
• Motivation
• Training

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Challenges for implementation

• Lack of skill of building control officers
• Lack of skill/ understanding in designers, petty
  contractors and artesian
• Not enough motivation
• Social /economic obstacles
•  
• Lack of awareness in Public
• Uncontrolled and informal construction
• Corruption  
•  
•  
•  

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Steps taken for implementation

• Pakistan Engineering council has already notified
  the application/enforcement of the Code stating
  that,
•  
• The provisions of the Building Code of Pakistan
  (Seismic Provisions-2007) shall apply for
  engineering design of buildings, like structures
  and related components.
•  
• Construction of buildings in violation of the
  Building Code shall be considered as violation of
  professional engineering work as specified under
  clause (XXV) of section 2 of the Act.
•  
• (3) The provisions of the Building Code shall be
  revised by the Pakistan Engineering Council after
  every five years or earlier if so required by
  circumstances.
•  
•  
• The council has constituted a committee of
  experts to work on the implementation of the
  code.

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Steps Taken for implementation

• Development Authorities of big Cities require
  Structural Stability from structural Engineer
  who is at least Masters Degree Holder
• For medium to high-rise buildings Structural
  design vetting is required

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Further action required

• Incorporation of building code provisions for
  non-engineered buildings into local bylaws.
• Site inspections and validation at various stages
• Development of general framework for
  implementation of code
• Extending code implementation to sub-urban and
  rural areas

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Conclusions

• Code specifications are available but
  implementation mechanism is lacking
• Code implementation is limited to plan approvals
  and needs to extended to on site execution
• Local bylaws to be amended to incorporate
  prescriptive design s for non-engineered
  construction
• Designers need to be educated to design with no
  premium for lateral loads
• The end users orientation shall be carried out so
  that accept the code whole heatedly