GROUNDWORK

1
GROUNDWORK
An Introduction to Carbon Foot-printing
Becky Toal, MD Crowberry Consulting Ltd C.Env MBA
MSC BSc MIEMA
2
GROUNDWORK

• Becky Toal, Director, Crowberry Consulting Ltd
  an environment, ethics and corporate
  responsibility management consultancy. Based in
  Lancaster Environment Centre, established 2006.
• Becky has over eight years experience in
  industry delivering sustainable solutions five
  years at Co-operative Group including
  Co-operative Bank involved in Corporate
  Responsibility, process and reporting, two years
  at English Nature as their Environmental Manager.
• Becky is a full member of IEMA, a Chartered
  Environmentalist, and registered environmental
  auditor.
• Environmental degrees, MBA, M.Sc and B.Sc

3
GROUNDWORK

• Crowberry Consulting current clients include

4
GROUNDWORK
Over the last 100 years, average global
temperatures have risen by 0.6c The hottest
years on record have been since 1990, including
each of the past five years According to the
Association of British Insurers, 2000 was the
wettest year in almost 300 years, with heavy
rainfall leading to 1billion in claims.

5
GROUNDWORK
The worlds population is predicted to rise by 3
billion to 9 billion by 2050 World energy demand
is expected to double, if not triple, by
2050 Every year, for every individual on the
planet, an average of around 3 tonnes of CO2 is
produced from burning fossil fuels. Half remains
in the atmosphere and the rest is reabsorbed by
the oceans and biosphere.

6
GROUNDWORK

7
GROUNDWORK

8
GROUNDWORK

9
GROUNDWORK

10
GROUNDWORK

11
GROUNDWORK
Carbon Dioxide is only one of a suite of Green
House Gases in the atmosphere, others include
Methane, Nitrous Oxide, HFCs, PFCs and Sulphur
hexaflouride. Each of these gases have different
global warming potentials (GWPs), but by far the
most common GHG is Carbon Dioxide

12
GROUNDWORK

13
GROUNDWORK
Carbon Management allows an organisation to
measure, monitor and manage the amount of CO2
emissions produced, and to report on these to
stakeholders. Understanding the amount of CO2
produced is the first step towards reduction and
associated cost savings

14
GROUNDWORK

• Kyoto Protocol (2005)
• EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) 2005
• UK Climate Change Levy (2001)
• Renewables Obligation 2002
• UK Climate Change Agreements (CCAs)
• UK Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC)
• EU F-gas and ODS directives
• EU Building Regulations Parts L F, Merton
  Rule.
• Draft Climate Change Bill

15
GROUNDWORK
1988 IPCC established Intergovernmental Panel
of Climate Change. UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted
under the UNFCCC in 1997, came into force in
February 2005

16
GROUNDWORK
The UKs target is to reduce its carbon emissions
by 12.5 below 1990 levels over 2008
2012. Targets can be met by reductions on
domestic emissions or use of Flexible Mechanisms
by trading Joint Implementation and Clean
Development Mechanism credits.
17
GROUNDWORK
The UK was quick to act publishing a climate
change programme in 2000. In February 2003
published the Energy White Paper, Our Energy
Future Creating a Low Carbon Economy. The
White Paper showed UK government intention to go
beyond Kyoto to achieve a 20 reduction in carbon
emissions by 2010. It set a further goal to
achieve a 60 reduction by 2050.

18
GROUNDWORK
The Climate Change Levy was introduced in April
2001, typically increases business energy costs
by up to 10 20 although payments of employers
national insurance contributions will fall by
2.5. The Levy is designed to be neutral in
terms of costs and savings for the whole of the
UK economy, but there will be winners and losers
among bigger companies.
19
GROUNDWORK

• The European Unions Emissions Trading Scheme EU
  ETS came into effect on 1st January 2005. All EU
  members states devised a National Allocation
  Plan.
• NAPs set emission allowances and reduction
  targets.
• Installations covered by ETS in the UK are
  responsible for 46 of CO2 emissions (DEFRA 2002)

20
GROUNDWORK
If a company exceeds their emissions limit they
face financial penalties. Charges of 40 per
tonne of CO2 from 2005. Rising to 100 from
2008. Carbon is thus a commodity to be
traded. Ethics of buying the right to pollute

21
GROUNDWORK
Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development
Mechanisms (CDM) both enable a country to receive
emissions credits for an investment in a
greenhouse gas-reducing project in another
country the host country. Credits are only
issued for projects resulting in real, measurable
and long-term climate change benefits known as
additionality.

22
GROUNDWORK
Once a company knows how much CO2 they produce
they may decide to offset this figure. An offset
is an emissions reduction, commonly from an
project in the developing world, which has been
sold to compensate for emissions elsewhere.
Offsets are commonly used to net off corporate
emissions so that an organisation can claim to be
carbon neutral.

23
GROUNDWORK
There are different types of offsets Planting
trees rainforest or UK woodlands Investment in
renewables solar, hydro, wind. Biomass projects
cooking stoves in India. DEFRA released on 19th
Feb 2008 the framework for the Code of Best
Practice for Carbon Offsetting. Covers certified
emissions reductions (CERS) compliant with the
Kyoto Protocol. (www.defra.gov.uk).

24
GROUNDWORK
Carbon Neutrality - This phrase means net zero
emissions for either product or
organisation. In order to be truly carbon
neutral an accurate assessment of all carbon
emissions is required. Therefore a carbon
footprint methodology for product or organisation
needs to be followed.

25
GROUNDWORK

• A Carbon Footprint is the total set of greenhouse
  gas emissions caused by an individual or
  organisation, event or product. It is usually
  expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).

26
GROUNDWORK
World Resources Institute and the World Business
Council for Sustainable Development Globally
accepted standard for measuring and reporting
footprints Guidance for setting boundaries,
categorises emissions sources Used by many
organisations Also project accounting
protocols. www.ghgprotocol.org

27
GROUNDWORK
Part 1 specification and guidance for
calculating an organisations GHG emissions. A
reporting standard. Objectives of ISO
14064 Consistency and transparency systematic
development maintenance of GHG
inventories ISO14065 Accreditation requirements
for GHG assertions/claims www.iso.org

28
GROUNDWORK
BSI London PAS 2050 for the carbon footprint of
products. Publicly available specification to
measure the embodied greenhouse gas emissions
from products and services. On 18th February
2008 the second stage consultation was launched,
to have an input please visit www.bsi-global.com.

29
GROUNDWORK
Initial guidance for organisations thinking about
carbon footprints Overview of how to calculate a
carbon footprint Based on GHG Protocol www.carbont
rust.co.uk

30
GROUNDWORK
When calculating the carbon footprint the first
step is to decide on your emission conversion
factors, or how to turn a car journey into tonnes
of CO2, or the energy bills into tonnes of
CO2. There are many and varied sources of
conversion factors, including DEFRA, VCA, NAEL.

31
GROUNDWORK
1 Define your methodology 2 Specify the
boundary and scope of coverage (whats in and
whats out) 3 Collect emissions data and
calculate the footprint 4 Verify results 5
Disclose the footprint to stakeholders
32
GROUNDWORK
The GHG Protocol produced by the World Resources
Institute and the World Business Council for
Sustainable Development is most commonly
used. Product footprint BSI PAS 2050 Or you could
chose your own. Or have specific computer models
built to your specification/parameters

33
GROUNDWORK
What will be included in your footprint? 1
Transport emissions 2 Gas and Electricity
usage 3 Supply chain emissions 4 Packaging
emissions 5 Staff related transport
emissions Other factors to consider include for
larger companies..

34
GROUNDWORK
Inclusion of emissions from subsidiary
companies. Emissions from leased assets. A
boundary to include the full range of emissions
in the footprint will help with analysis.

35

• Calculation of a basis footprint is fairly
  straightforward, and usually covers direct
  emissions and emissions from electricity but may
  exclude indirect emissions.
• Onsite fuel usage
• Onsite electricity usage fossil fuel
• Use of transport which you own

36
A Basic Footprint will not include Supply chain
emissions Employee travel Emissions from
waste Emissions from packaging
37

• The accuracy of the footprint relies on correct
  data and may include for example
• Onsite fuel consumption
• Owned transport utilisation
• Electricity consumption
• Employee travel by air, rail and private vehicles
  (if data available)
• Supply chain emissions if data available

38

• Before collecting your data, decide on the level
  of accuracy you require and how much margin of
  error is acceptable.
• Standard emission conversion factors are
  available from DEFRA
• Excel spreadsheets and mental maths a must!!

39

• Fuel for energy
• Gas used 1,000,000 m3
• Defra carbon emission factors 0.206 kgCO2/kWh
• To convert m3 to kWh x 11
• CO2 from Gas 1,000,000 x 11 x 0.206
  2,266,000 kgCO2
• Gas Oil used 5,000 litres
• Defra carbon emission factors 2.674 kgCO2/litre
• CO2 from Gas Oil 5,000 x 2.674 13,370 kgCO2

40

• Fuel for transport
• Diesel used 300,000 litres
• Defra carbon emission factors 2.63 kgCO2/litre
• CO2 from Diesel 15,000 x 2.63 789,000 kgCO2
• Business car travel
• Miles travelled 140,000 miles
• Car engine emission factor 150gCO2/km
• Convert miles into km x 1.609344
• CO2 from vehicle 140,000 x 0.150 x 1.609344
• 33,800 kgCO2

41
HFCs - Refrigerant leakage Use actual consumption
of refrigerant and use Defra conversion factors
for carbon emissions (incorporates
GWP) Example HFC 134a used 50kg Defra
factor 1,300,000kgCO2e/tonne CO2e from
refrigerants 0.05 x 1,300,000 65,000 kgCO2e
42
DEFRA 2007 conversion factors. Carbon Trust
conversion factors Specific ones for each make
and model of car (www.vcacarfueldata.org.uk).
43
www.iema.net/climate.htm www.carbontrust.co.uk/ene
rgy
44
Carbon Trust offer the Energy Efficiency Loan
scheme. If your company is eligible the Carbon
Trust can offer unsecured loans between 5000 and
100,000 for up to 4 years. Repayments are
interest free and geared towards your annual
energy savings. Call 0800 085 2005 or
www.thecarbontrust.co.uk/loans.
45

• Carbon is a commodity
• Carbon costs money
• Cost reduction and environmental savings good for
  business
• Environmental management can enhance brand value
• Community investment

46
GROUNDWORK

• Next Steps

• Complete your Action Plan.
• Allow Groundworks Environment Business Services
  to arrange your FREE Resource Efficiency visit
  and report.
• Start Saving!