Energy Saving: The UK Perspective

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Energy Saving The UK Perspective
Keith Tovey Energy Science Director CRed Project
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Energy Saving The UK Perspective

• The Background to Energy Conservation
• Why is it important?
• Perception of Energy Conservation in the UK?
• How is Energy Conservation promoted in the UK?
• Conclusions

• The Background to Energy Conservation

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Energy Saving Why is it important?

• The UK has been self sufficient in energy
• Under present trends the UK will be a substantive
  importer of natural gas and oil by 2020
• It makes sense to reduce energy demand and still
  remain competitive economically.
• Reducing energy demand will also see a reduction
  in carbon dioxide - the main contributor to
  Global Warming
• The Government has set targets and provided
  mechanisms to provide grants for individuals and
  industry.
• However, more could be done.

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The Background to Energy Conservation

• In UK each person is consuming energy at a
  rate of
• 5.1 kW
• In USA it is 10.6 kW
• 1/20th or Worlds Population consumes 25 of all
  energy
• In Europe it is 5.7 kW
• In Russia it is also 5.7 kW
• Globally it is around 2 kW
• ENERGY Consumption gt Carbon Dioxide gt Global
  Warming

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Energy Saving The UK Perspective
GDP changes in UK
Total Energy Demand in UK
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Energy Saving The UK Perspective
Wealth of UK increased uniformly with energy in
1950s and 1960s Major infra-structure projects in
late 1960s - early 1970s 1979 - 1992
restructuring followed by increase
efficiency 1992 - increased conservation
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Energy Saving The UK Perspective
UK has become more efficient in using energy to
generate wealth over past 50 years. Generate the
same wealth with 45 of energy as in
1950. Improvement 1.45 per annum
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The Background to Energy Conservation
Energy - GDP Relationships
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The Background to Energy Conservation
Carbon Dioxide Emissions per unit of Energy
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Future Global Warming Rates
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The Background to Energy Conservation
How much Carbon Dioxide is each person emitting
as a result of the energy they use? In UK 9
tonnes per annum. What does 9 tonnes look
like?
Equivalent of 5 Hot Air Balloons! To combat
Global Warming we must reduce CO2 by 60 i.e.
to 2 Hot Air Balloons How far does one have to
drive to emit the same amount of CO2 as heating
an old persons room for 1 hour? 3.2 km
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The Background to Energy Conservation
5 kW
per capita Consumption in Watts in UK

• Transport Energy use has risen 10.5 in last
  decade
• Domestic use has risen by over 10

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Energy Saving The UK Perspective

• The Background to Energy Conservation
• Perception of Energy Conservation in the UK?
• How is Energy Conservation promoted in the UK?
• Conclusions

• The Domestic Sector
• Small Businesses
• An example from a large business

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Energy Saving Perception of Energy
Conservation in the UK?
Domestic Consumers

• some see Energy Conservation as a way to save
  money
• less interested when they learn it may take many
  years to pay back
• others see Energy Conservation as a moral and
  environmental issue and will strive to
  incorporate energy saving at an early stage
• many over-estimate the size of their energy bills
• several people see themselves as already being
  energy efficient.
• PowerGen Energy Monitor (October 2004)
• many are influenced by other factors
• e.g. double glazing rather than cavity
  insulation!
• Many are unaware of what grants are available

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Energy Saving Perception of Energy
Conservation in the UK?
Small/Medium sized Businesses (SMEs) number of
employees lt 250

• some see Energy Conservation as a way to save
  money
• but say they have little time to undertake
  measures
• many have little accurate knowledge of their
  energy bills or where they could save money and
  energy.
• Some make decisions in which energy efficiency is
  an important factor.
• Some see a commercial advantage in being able to
  demonstrate their environmental credentials.
• several SMEs see themselves as already being
  energy efficient.
• PowerGen Energy Monitor (October 2004)
• Many are unaware of what grants are available

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Energy Saving Perception of Energy
Conservation in the UK?
Large Businesses number of employees gt 250

• Many Companies have an Energy Manager
• some significant reductions in energy use, energy
  bills, and carbon dioxide reductions have been
  achieved
• e.g. combined heat and power
• An example University of East Anglia
• Unlike Russia, large CHP schemes are not common
• only one scheme gt 500 MW
• most are schemes lt 10 MW and over 50 1 MW or
  less
• UEA has three 1 MW gas engines which provide 70 -
  75 of electricity of peak electricity and supply
  4.2 MW of heat

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Energy Saving Perception of Energy
Conservation in the UK?
University of East Anglia CHP Scheme
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Energy Saving Perception of Energy
Conservation in the UK?
Before Installation Energy and Carbon Dioxide
After Installation
Saving in CO2 4824 tonnes or 31.9
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Energy Saving Perception of Energy
Conservation in the UK?
Before the scheme Energy Bill gt 1 000
000 per annum
After scheme Annual Saving initially
around 400 000 per annum
However, the introduction of the New Electricity
Trading Arrangements have had an impact out of
balance issues for suppliers to whom exports were
sold
Government targets were to achieve 10 000 MW by
2010 However, number of schemes have declined
slightly, and target will not be reached may be
difficult to achieve 7500 MW
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Energy Saving Perception of Energy
Conservation in the UK?

• In summer, UEA has little demand for heat
• limits amount of electricity generated
• gt 1 MW cooling load provided by electric
  refrigeration
• Absorption Chilling will be installed in early
  2005.
• Reduces electrical load and Increases electrical
  generation

An absorption chiller uses waste heat to provide
cooling
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Energy Saving The UK Perspective

• The Background to Energy Conservation
• Perception of Energy Conservation in the UK?
• How is Energy Conservation promoted in the UK?
• Conclusions

• What grants are available
• How is it financed?

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Energy Saving How is it promoted in the UK?

• By Government (and Local Government) via
• Legislation
• e.g. Building Regulations - currently being
  revised
• Energy Conservation Grants
• e.g. home insulation, low energy light bulbs,
  etc.
• Energy Labelling
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Schemes
• e.g. Wind, Solar, Biomass, Wave, Tidal
• Climatic Change Levy on businesses (0.43p per
  kWh)
• Participation in EU (Carbon) Emissions Trading
  Scheme
• 7 - 10 Euros per tonne
• Awareness / Education / Advice
• e.g.

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Energy Saving Legislation Building Regulations

• Performance of dwellings over the years following
  Regulation changes.
• Modern houses
• use only 20 of energy
• emit only 20 of CO2
• of pre-war houses
• Standards to improve further in future

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Energy Saving Energy Conservation Grants
Home Energy Conservation Act 1995 -
HECA www.heca.co.uk
Energy Saving Trust Grants for Domestic
Properties - also Transport www.est.org.uk
Carbon Trust Grants for Businesses www.thecarbon
trust.co.uk
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Energy Saving HECA www.heca.co.uk
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Energy Saving Energy Saving Trust
www.est.org.uk
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Energy Saving Energy Saving Trust www.est.org.uk
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Energy Saving The Carbon Trust
www.thecarbontrust.co.uk
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Energy Saving Energy Labelling
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Energy Saving Renewable Energy

• Government Targets
• 10.4 of total electricity by 2010
• unlikely to be met - at best 6 - 7
• 20 by 2020

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Energy Saving Climatic Change Levy

• Climatic Change Levy on businesses
• Encourages Businesses to reduce energy
• 0.43p per kWh (electricity) or 4.3 per tonne of
  carbon dioxide
• scheme is financially neutral over all businesses
• income finances a reduction in National Insurance
  Contributions paid by all employers for every
  employee.
• Energy Efficient premises with large numbers of
  employees benefit.
• Heavy energy users with few employees loose out.
• Certain key industries e.g. Electricity
  Generation etc are exempt.

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Energy Saving European Trading Scheme

• Comes into force 1st January 2005
• All businesses with a thermal output gt 20 MW must
  participate
• All EU countries have had to set a National Plan
  consistent with Kyoto Objectives.
• All EU countries have to allocate each plant (gt
  20 MW) a number of free credits for the years
  2005 - 2007.
• There is an overall reduction in emissions
• e.g. electricity sector to reduce by 15 over
  period
• Steps must be taken to conserve energy, buy
  credits on the open market or pay the ultimate
  price of 40 Euros a tonne.
• Current trading price 7 - 10 Euros per tonne
• will cause price of electricity to consumers to
  rise.

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Energy Saving Awareness / Education / Advice

• Understandable Language

A mobile phone charger left on ------ up
to 25 kg CO2 a year Standby on television gt 60 kg
per year Filling up with petrol (30 for a full
tank) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5 of a
balloon) A tumble dryer uses four times as much
energy as the equivalent washing machine
- use the dryer sparingly Boiling an extra cup
full of water causes the emission of 25 cupfuls
of carbon dioxide.
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Energy Saving The UK Perspective

• The Background to Energy Conservation
• Perception of Energy Conservation in the UK?
• How is Energy Conservation promoted in the UK?
• Conclusions

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Energy Saving Conclusions

• UK has made some steps to reduce primary energy
• More could be done
• Achieved as a combinations of
• Legislation
• Energy Conservation GrantsEnergy Labelling
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Schemes
• Climatic Change Levy
• Participation in EU (Carbon) Emissions Trading
  Scheme
• Awareness / Education / Advice

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Key Web Sites Home Energy Conservation Act
www.heca.co.uk Energy Saving Trust
www.est.org.uk Carbon Trust
www.thecarbontrust.co.uk National Energy
Foundation www.natenergy.org.uk
k.tovey_at_uea.ac.uk
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????????? ?????? Energy Science Director, Low
Carbon Innovation Centre