Vocational Education and Training Policy in Korea

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Vocational Education and Training Policy in
Korea

• Mee-souk Kim

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Structure of VET in Korea

• Vocational Education(VE)
• - Ministry of Education and HRD
• - Youth(16-24)
• - School-based
• Vocational Training(VT)
• - Ministry of Labor
• - Adult(19-65)
• - Work-based

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Part 1. Vocational Education

• Background
• Development of VE polices
• Current Status
• Directions of VE

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• 1. Background
• - VE in Korea contributed to economic
  development through the supply of skilled human
  resources
• - Korea now confronts growing momentum for a
  paradigm shift driven by the changing economic
  environment
• - These changes include the knowledge-based
  society, open and unlimited global competition,
  decentralization, the reduction of the school age
  population, and influx of foreign labor

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2. History of VE Policy

• the 1960s
• - concentrated on labor-intensive industrial
  processes that merely depended upon manual skills
• - a curriculum for vocational high schools to
  run separately from academic high schools thus,
  systematizing the vocational education
  curriculum.
• 2) The 1970-1980s
• - the 21 system it was operated among
  technical high schools in order to increase
  individual adaptability to the workplace
  industrial experience by offering students 2
  years of an academic curriculum at school and
  1year of training at an actual site
• - technical colleges experienced tremendous
  growth as vocational education began to be
  systematically operated during this period

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• 3) The 1990s
• - The New Vocational Education System Building
  Plan, announced by the national commission for
  education reform has brought a breakthrough in
  the history education
• - building a readily accessible vocational
  system for a demand-based lifelong education
  society and shows a paradigmatic change in
  vocational education
• - the national commission for Education Reform
  and the MOE HRD announced the reform plan for
  the vocational education system version
  2020vocational education for all
• Proposes of VE for all
• to be participated in by industry and other
  central and local government department
• to expand beyond the school age for the lifelong
  learning of adults and workers
• to maximize the interchange of human and material
  resources and their practical usage

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3. Current Status of VE

• School System 6-3-3-4
• - 6 years of primary education
• - 3 years of middle school
• - 3 years of high school
• - 2-4 years in colleges and universities

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lttablegt Korean school system(2004)
9
Source statistical yearbook of education ,
Ministry HRD, 2004
so
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• 2) General vocational Education
• Primary school to middle school possibilities
  for the development of vocational awareness and
  understanding.
• Vocational subject in Middle school technology
  and industry, home economics, computer science.
• Academic high schools third year students in
  academic high schools can take vocational
  education programs either at their own school or
  at other institutions (from 1974).
• 3) Vocational Education in High Schools
• Vocational high schools aim at educating skilled
  workers equipped with sound vocational awareness
  and professional knowledge to cope with the rapid
  changes in an information-oriented industrial
  society

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• In 2004, there were 31 agricultural high schools,
  209 technical high schools, 220 commercial high
  schools, 8 fishery-maritime high schools, 64
  combined vocational high schools and 206
  comprehensive high school, which provide
  vocational as well as academic course

ltfiguregtratio between the general vocational
high school students
Source statistical Yearbook of Education,
Ministry of Education HRD, and Korea
Educational Development Institute, various years.
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• In the past, while there were more student
  entering employment than there were continuing
  higher education in vocational high school
• In 2004, the advancement rate to higher
  educational institutions was 62.3 while the
  employment rate was 32.9. However, the
  employment rate among those who want to work
  remains above 90

lttablegtChange In Employment Rate and Advancement
Rate to Higher Education among Vocational high
school graduates
Source statistical Yearbook of Education,
Ministry of Education HRD, and Korea
Educational development Institute, various years.
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• Reform Plan for the Vocational Education System
  
• The plan is that it proposes to increase the
  number of special high schools, currently, up to
  200, and to authority for school management
• ltfiguregt Measures for Vocational High Schools in
  Reform plan

• Expansion of special high schools directly
  related to industry demand
• Strengthen basic vocational education in general
  vocational high schools
• support for school-led change and reform
• Review the possibility of transforming vocational
  high schools into general
• high schools based on the demand of industrial
  society
• strengthen basic vocational education in general
  high school
• Support the management of business startup
  programs for vocational high
• School students' field training

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ltfiguregt Measures for Vocational High Schools in
Reform plan

• Diversification and quality improvement of
  vocational high school students
• Field training
• Support field training by occupational
  organizations
• introduction of overseas vocational education
  programs for qualified
• Vocational high school students
• Activate school-based enterprises
• Introduce majors collaboratively managed by
  vocational high schools-junior
• colleges/ universities-industry
• Incremental expansion of scholarships in
  vocational high schools
• Beneficial employment of vocational high school
  graduates
• in local government
• Improve the vocational education environment for
  disabled students

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4) Tertiary Vocational Education

• since 1994, entrance to junior colleges has been
  determined on the basis of school achievement,
  academic achievement tests, interviews, and
  aptitude tests
• 50-60percent of the freshmen quota is reserved
  for through the national Qualification System and
  workers meeting a specified amount of industrial
  experience

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lttablegt quantitative growth in Junior Colleges
Source Statistical Yearbook of Education of
Education HRD, and Korea Educational
Development Institute, various years,2004.
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lttablegt The rate of Junior Colleges Established
Source Statistical Yearbook of Education of
Education HRD, and Korea Educational
Development Institute, various years.
- the employment rate of college graduates has
been increasing as industries need more workers.
however, because of the national economic crisis
in 1989, the employment rate fell sharply. since
then, it has been steadily rising
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- The employment rate college graduates has been
increasing as industries need more workers, and
since 1985, the rate has actually exceeded
that Of 4-year university graduates
lttablegt Employment Rate of College Graduates
Source Statistical Yearbook of Education of
Education HRD,  various years.
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• Despite their high employment rate, was levels
  for junior college graduates tend to be low

ltfiguregt Monthly Average Wage Level by Academic
Background on a Yearly Basis
Source Basic Statistics Survey for Wage
Structure, Ministry of Labor, 2003
Source Basic Statistics Survey for Wage
Structure, Ministry of Labor, 2003
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• Measures for junior colleges in the ' Reform
  Plan for
• the Vocational Education system
• Strengthen the roles of junior colleges and
  universities as community lifelong learning
•  centers learning centers for the development of
  the vocational qualifications of employees and
  adults
• Build a junior college support system led by
  local governments
• Allow ministries to specialize in different
  areas according to the types of junior colleges
• Introduce an overseas vocational education
  program for junior college students
• Develop an ' Industrial Technology Education
  Zone' linking local industries and junior
    colleges

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• 4. Major Issues In Vocational Education
• 1) Unfavorable Images of vocational education
• seems as second-class education in comparison
  with general education
• decrease in the school-aged population made it
  difficult for vocational
•   education institutes to secure sufficient
  enrollees
• 2) Failure to satisfy industrial demand
• failure to reflect the practical demands of the
  workplace
• need to establish a mutually cooperative system
  between industry
•    and vocational high schools

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• 3) Little linkage between curriculum and
  technical qualifications system
• National Technical Qualifications System is
  practiced to vitalize vocational    high school
  education and to develop workplace adaptability
• the schools are suffering from serious confusion
  
• 4) Lack of school-industry partnership
• education and training can only be realized when
  a close collaborative partnership
• exists and reciprocal roles between schools and
  industry are clearly identified.

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• 5) Need of systematic quality control system
• it is necessary to conduct evaluation
  periodically on the operational efficiency and
  socio-economic effectiveness of vocational high
  school education
• insufficient investment and administrative
  support
• the risk of collapse unless financial support is
  raised for investment in    human resource
  development

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5. Future of vocational education in Korea 1)
Establishing a lifelong vocational education
system 2) Maintaining vocational education based
on manpower demand 3) Strengthening industrial
training support system at national level 4)
Expanding of public funding in managing VET 5)
Developing curriculum based on the job-analysis
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Part 2. Vocational Training

• History and background
• Current status
• Perspective VT in Korea

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1. History and Background

• Vocational Training law established 1967
• New Vocational Training law established 1974
• - consign fee to the ministry of labor, and
  provide founds for training allowance, and
  disaster compensation to companies
• - Private and In-plant vocational training
  support fee
• Vocational Training Promotion Fund Act(1976)
• Introduction of Employment Insurance Act(1995)
• levy system -gt insurance system
• Workers Vocational Competency Promotion
  act(1997)
• Worker's Vocational Competency Development
  Act(2004)

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Table Comparison of the Framework Act on
Vocational Training and the Vocational Training
Promotion Act
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ltWorker's Vocational Competency Development Actgt

(2005)

• purpose
• - secure the employment
• - raise social and economic status
• - improve productivity of enterprises
• - contributing to social and economic
  development
• basic principle
• (1) be conducted in a systematic way
• (2) be in a way to respect the autonomy and
  creativity of the corporation
• (3) be In a way to guarantee equal
  opportunities for workers
• (4) aged/disabled/ female/ daily workers/
  part-time workers etc shall be considered
  especially
• (5) shall be conducted in a way to secure
  connection between school education and
  industrial sites

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Figure. The network of organizations involved in
vocational training
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• fund

lttablegt insurance rates for VT in EI system
1) Business with over 1,000 employees for the
vocational training insurance are levied at 0.5,
while companies in certain industries where
Vocational training is obligatory have a reduced
insurance rate of only 0.05 2) 2006, Fund of
employment security and VT in the employment
insurance was integrated. 3) preferential
industry size Mining(300), Manufacturing(500),
Construction(300), Transport, Storage
Communication((300) Source White Paper of
Employment Insurance, Ministry of Labor, 2004.
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continued
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Source Ministry of Labor(2001), Vocational
competency development in Korea.
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Structure to support workers training by MOL
? worker separate employee and unemployed
2. Current Practices

• Support the employer for training of employees
• 1-1. Vocational competency development
• 1-2. Paid-leave training
• 1-3. Loan for the establishment and

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• 2. Support directly the employee
• 2-1. training scholarship
• 2-2. training tuition loan
• 3. Support training for the unemployed

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ltTablegt Supporting rate of Training for
Workers(0004)
Source Employment Insurance Statistics Annual
Report, Ministry of Labor, 2004
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1. Support the employer for training ltTablegt
Vocational Training by Training Types(0305)

Source Employment Trend Analysis, Work
Information Center, 2005
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ltTablegt Vocational Training by Training Methods

Trends of the training for the employees - On
line training has been increasing dramatically. -
Classroom training is main training method - On
the job training rarely did
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• 2. VT opportunities for the unemployed
• the characteristics of VT for the unemployed
  differ by age
• group and educational experience
• the problem for these categories of people is
  insufficient
• opportunities for human resource development
  only 17.7
• have experienced being re-employed
• the number of participants taking part in
  re-employment
• vocational training has been decreasing each
  year since
• 1999 because the rate of the unemployed is
  decreasing.

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ltFiguregtComposition by Sex and Age for
Unemployment Policy Vocational Training
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• 3. VT for target groups
• 1) Inadequate vocational training support for
  the aged
• -  as people get older, there is less chance of
  them being trained
• significant difference in the number of middle
  aged and old aged people participating in
  training scholorship
• ltTablegt Training Scholarship Results(9903)
          (Unit number, KRW
  1,000,)

Source Vocational Competency Development in
Korea, Ministry of Labor, 2004
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• 2) Decreasing trends in vocational training for
  low-incomers
• Self-support VT is for people who want to work,
  but lack the
• ability yet to do so.
• Applicants for the MOLs self-support program
  have been
• decreasing, from 7,704 in 2000 to 1,418 in
  2002.
• The total of people who actually succeeded in
  getting employed or
• starting their own business was 3.8 in 2000
  compared with
• 24.5 in 2002.

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3) Increasing Vocational Training Providers for
the Disabled

• 60.7 of disabled people who cant be
  economically
• active have less than a middle school.
• the disabled who actually participated in
  training facilities
• for the disabled amounted to only 12,345,
  during the
• 1996-2002.
• the system for the disabled education is in
  adequate.
• -  increase of public vocational training
  facilities for the
• disabled from only 2 in 1996 to 20 in 2002

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ltTablegt Vocational Training for the Disabled in
2002
Note New student includes training students,
students who completed the program and who gave
up in mid- training
Source Internal date from the Korea Employment
Promotion Agency for the Disabled, 2005
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4) VT participation of women   - during
period 1996 to 2000, the comparable participation
rate for men  has decreased by 2 although
women's participation in lifelong education  and
vocational training increased by 2.   - men
and women are not participating that much in
lifelong education and  vocational training
ltTablegt Lifelong Education Participation Rate by
Sex
Source Korea Social Statistics Survey Report,
Korea National Statistical Office, 2004.
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• 4. Perspective Consumer-led VT
• the limitation of the government-led skilled
  manpower development program is bringing other
  programs
• E-learning becomes more popular
• Training function has shifted from emphasizing
  manpower development to skill
•  improvement and the philosophy of the program
  has shifted from supplier focus to consumer focus
  

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