Cellular Reproduction

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Chapter 8

• Cellular Reproduction

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Reproduction

• Allows __________________________________________
  _________________
• Two main types
• _________________ reproduction
• _________________ reproduction

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______________ Reproduction

• A single parent cell produces an offspring with
  an identical genetic make-up as the parent cell
• _________________
• A genetic replica of an individual

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___________ Reproduction
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______________ Reproduction

• Two parents each contribute DNA to the offspring,
  resulting in a unique combination of DNA
• Most common in ____________________
• Some resemblance to parents, but a new
  combination of genetic information

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REVIEW

• _________________
• Pieces of DNA and their associated proteins
• ____________________
• A segment of a DNA strand that carries the
  nucleotide code for one protein
• _____________________
• The entire nucleotide sequence for a cell or
  organism

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_________________

• Carry sequences of genes, _______________________
  _________________________________________________
  __
• Most eukaryotic species have all
  ________________________________________
• Humans have ________, or chromosomes
• However, not all of these 46 pieces are unique

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______________

• Characteristics of an individual or organism that
  make it unique
• Some traits _____________________________________
  _______
• Example __________
• Determined by melanin

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Forms of proteins, traits

• Different forms of ___________ produce different
  forms of _________________
• Genes produce ________________, so changes in
  _________________________________________________
  __
• ________________
• Different versions of genes that control the same
  trait but are not identical

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__________________

• There are _______________________________________
  _______
• That is, there are ______________________________
  _______________
• We receive ______________________
• The pairing of each ________ occurs when two
  chromosomes come together (_______________________
  ______)

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Terms

• ________________________
• Two versions of the same chromosome
• In humans, we have ______________, or
  _____________________
• ____________ homologous pairs
• ____________ of sex chromosomes

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Terms

• _________________
• Describes an individual that has two complete
  sets of each homologous chromosome
• Common in _________________________
• ______________
• Describes an individual that has only one
  complete set of homologous chromosomes
• ___________________
• Describes an individual that has more than two
  complete sets of homologous chromosomes

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Cellular Division

• Basis for Cellular Reproduction

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________________

• The ability of cells to __________
• A single cell divides into ______________________
  _______________
• Three general steps
• DNA ___________________
• Two _____________________________
• Cell ____________________________________________
  ___________________

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Reproduction

• ______________________ both take place (in some
  form) in most organisms
• Cellular reproduction ___________________________
  _______________________
• Asexual, binary fission, mitosis
• Reproduction ____________________________________
  __________________
• Sexual, production of gametes, meiosis

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____________

• Used by ____________________________
• Each daughter cell receives _____________________
  ___________________
• A form of ___________________________________

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_______

• _________ cell division
• Form of ________________________________________
  _________
• The creation of ________________________________
  ______________
• More complex than ________________________

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__________________

• Involves the formation of _______________________
  _________________________________________________
  _____
• Individuals use _____________________
• Male and female
• Sperm and ova (singular ovum)
• Plus and minus

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_______________________

• Two forms of gametes are usually formed
  _____________________
• Males __________________
• Females _____________________
• EXCEPTION ____________________
• Individuals that produce both forms of special
  reproductive cells necessary for sexual
  reproduction

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____________________

• Involves the production of gametes
• Forms of gametes produced separately by
  reproductive individuals
• The gametes are _______________
• The daughter cells (gametes) each receive half of
  the parental DNA

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___________

• ___________ cell division
• A form of ______________________________
• Results in _____________
• The daughter cells ___________________________
• Ultimately, _____ gametes form from _____________

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Mitosis vs Meiosis
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Cellular Reproduction

• Cell Cycle

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Cell Cycle

• The sequence ____________________________________
  ________________
• Talking about ______________________
• Five phases

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___________________

• The first phase of the cell cycle
• Occurs at the end of _________________ but before
  ______________________
• Not really the beginning of the cycle
• Cell ____________________________________________
  ___________
• The ONLY phase where ____________________________
  ____________________

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__________________

• The second phase of the cell cycle, and the 1st
  phase involving cellular division
• Also called _____________________________________
  __________
• The phase where __________________
• All molecules and _______________________________
  _________________________________________________
  ____

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___________________

• _________________________________________________
  ______ the amount of genetic material as before
• However, the cell _______________________________
  _____________________
• How is this possible?

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___________________

• New genetic material ____________________________
  ____________________
• Rather, copies of _______________________________
  ______________________
• Copies of _______________________________________
  _________________
• __________________ is complete at the end of
  ___________________

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________________________
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__________________

• Third phase of _________, second phase important
  in ____________________
• The cell ________________________________________
  ___________________
• Another _________________________________________
  ____________
• Also, mechanisms to ensure ______________________
  _____________________

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____________________

• Part of the cell cycle where ____________________
  _________________________________________________
  _
• Each copy of ____________________________________
  ________________
• Refers ONLY to __________________________________
  _________________________________________________
  __

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Only this section _______________________________
________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________
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____________________

• Formation of ____________________________________
  ____________________
• __________________
• Cylindrical organelles of animal cells that
  produce the _________________
• ___________________________
• Fibers that spread out from pole to pole of a
  cell and overlap at the equator
• Provide attachment points for sister chromatids
• Also called ________________________

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____________________

• Can be considered in four phases
• P_______________
• M__________________
• A_____________________
• T________________________

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Mitosis - ______________

• Duplicated chromosomes begin to
  ______________________________
• Sister chromatids remain attached at
  _______________________
• _________ move to opposite parts of the cell and
  form ___________ across the cell
• Nuclear membrane _________________

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Mitosis ________________
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Mitosis - _______________

• Duplicated ______________________________________
  ______________
• Sister chromatids are ________________
• Spindle apparatus _______________________________
  ____________________

NOTE A chromatid is a single, complete
chromosome. Rather than having 46 paired
chromosomes, there are really 92 individual
chromosomes that will eventually separate in
anaphase
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Mitosis - ________________
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Mitosis ______________

• Sister chromatids are ___________________________
  ______________________
• Spindle fibers __________________________________
  _____________________
• Once separated, sister chromatids are
  _______________________________
• _____________________ now moving towards each
  pole of the cell

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Mitosis _______________
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Mitosis ______________

• Nuclear membrane ________________________________
  __________________
• Chromosomes _____________
• _______________________ dissolve
• Preparation for _________________________________
  _________________
• _________________ markes the end of M-phase

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Mitosis _______________
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Mitosis Review

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3kpR5RSJ7SA

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C Cytokinesis

• The final phase of the cell cycle
• The final phase of cell division
• When the cell ___________________________________
  ________________________________________________
• The new cells have DNA __________________________
  __________________

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Cell Cycle

• Five phases
• G1 phase
• S phase
• G2 phase
• M phase
• C phase

These ___________________________________________
________________________________________
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What happens to the new cells?
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Daughter Cells

• Can have one of two fates
• Return to ________________
• Enter ____________________
• Those that ________________ will go through the
  cell cycle again
• Those that enter ______________ become
  permanently mature and never go through cell
  cycle (or cell division) again
• ______is where cells do the work of cells,
  forming proteins, transporting proteins, etc.

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Sexual Reproduction

• Sections 8.5 8.6