Psychology 309 Abnormal Psychology

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Psychology 309Abnormal Psychology

• Thomas A. Wrobel, Ph.D.
• Department of Psychology
• University of Michigan-Flint

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Chapter One

• Abnormality Past and Present

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I. Themes and Challenges

• A. Biological and Psychological Levels
• B. Science and Practice
• C. Development
• D. Treatment of Choice

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II. Early Approaches to Abnormal Behavior

• A. Animistic Possession
• B. Physical
• C. Psychogenic

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III. Treatment of the Insane

• A. Supernatural
• B. Physical
• C. Psychogenic
• D. Psychiatric Hospitals
• 1. Origins of Hospitals
• 2. Segregation of the Insane
• 3. Humane Treatment

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IV. Defining Abnormality Today

• A. The Elements of Abnormality
• Suffering
• Maladaptiveness
• Irrationality
• Unpredicatblity and loss of control
• Rareness and unconventionality
• Observer discomfort
• Violation of standards

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IV. Defining Abnormality Today

• B. The Family Resemblance Approach
• C. The Hazards of Defining Abnormality
• 1. Society may err
• 2. Observers disagree
• 3. Observers and Actors Disagree
• D. The Hazards of Self Diagnosis

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Chapter Two

• Assessment, Diagnosis, and Research Methods

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I. Psychological Assessment

• A. Introduction
• 1. Reliability
• 2. Validity
• Physical Examination
• Clinical Interview
• 1. Structured
• 2. Unstructured

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I. Psychological Assessment

• Observation
• 1. Behavioral Assessment
• 2. Psychophysiological Assessment
• 3. Neuroimaging
• CAT
• MRI
• fMRI
• PET

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I. Psychological Assessment

• E. Psychological Testing
• Inventories MMPI-2
• Projectives
• Rorschach
• 2. Thematic Apperception Test

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Herman Rorschach, M.D. Brad
Pitt, Actor
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I. Psychological Assessment

• F. Neuropsychological Testing
• 1. Halstead-Reitan
• 2. Luria-Nebraska

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II. Diagnosis

• A. Function
• 1. Communication
• 2. Treatment
• 3. Etiology
• 4. Research
• 5. Payment
• Origins

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II. Diagnosis

• C. The DSM-IV
• 1. Axis I Clinical Syndromes
• 2. Axis II Personality Disorders
• 3. Axis III General Medical Conditions
• 4. Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental
• Problems
• 5. Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning

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III. Evaluation of Diagnoses

• A. Reliability
• 1. Inter judge
• 2. Test-retest
• B. Validity

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IV. Factors that Bias Diagnosis

• A. Context
• B. Expectation
• C. Source Credibility
• D. Cultural contexts and Influences

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V. Research Methods

• A. The Clinical Case History
• Evaluation
• 1. Selectivity
• 2. Not repeatable
• 3. Lack of generalizability

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V. Research Methods

• B. Scientific Experimentation
• 1. Independent Variable
• 2. Dependent Variable
• 3. Operational Definition
• 4. Control Group
• 5. Experimental Effect
• C. Meta Analysis

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V. Research Methods

• Confounds
• 1. Nonrandom Assignment
• 2. Bias
• 3. Demand Characteristics
• D. Statistical Inference
• E. Single subject Design
• 1. Evaluation

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V. Research Methods

• E. Correlational Method
• 1. Interpretations
• 2. Epidemiology
• 3. Evaluation

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Correlations
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IV. Experiments of Nature

• A. Use
• B. Evaluation

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V. Laboratory Model

• A. Use
• B. Evaluation

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VI. Combinations

• A. Evaluations

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Chapter Three

• Psychological Approaches

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I. Psychodynamic Approach

• I. Freud and Psychoanalytic theory
• A. Development of Personality
• 1. Oral
• 2. Anal
• 3. Phallic
• 4. Latency
• 5. Genital
• B. Structures
• Id Ego Superego

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I. Psychodynamic Approach

• C. Defense Mechanisms
• 1. Repression
• 2. Projection
• 3. Reaction Formation
• 4. Displacement
• 5. Identification
• 6. Denial
• 7. Isolation
• 8. Intellectualization
• 9. Rationalization
• 10. Sublimation

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I. Psychodynamic Approach

• II. Neo-Freudians
• A. Carl Jung (1875-1961)
• B. Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
• C. Karen Horney (1885-1952)
• D. Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)
• E. Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
• III. Psychodynamic Treatment
• IV. Evaluation

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II. Existential and Humanistic Approaches

• A. Freedom and Choice
• 1. Responsibility
• 2. Willing
• a. Exhortative
• b. Goal-Directed
• B. Issues of Death and Life
• 1. Specialness
• 2. Fusion
• 3. Authenticity

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II. Existential and Humanistic Approaches

• C. Client-Centered/ Humanistic Therapy
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

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III. The Behavioral Approach

• I. History and Assumptions
• A. Assumptions
• 1. Enviornmentalism
• 2. Experimentalism
• 3. Optimism
• 4. Anti-Mentalism

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III. The Behavioral Approach

• A. Pavlovian conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• B. Phenomena
• 1. Acquisition
• 2. Extinction
• 3. Stimulus Generalization
• 4. Discrimination

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III. The Behavioral Approach

• C. Emotions and Psychopathology
• D. Therapies
• 1. Exposure
• 2. Systematic Desnsitization

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III. The Behavioral Approach

• E. Operant Conditioning
• F. Concepts
• 1. Positive Reinforcer
• 2. Negative Reinforcer
• 3. Punishment
• 4. Omission

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III. The Behavioral Approach

• G. Phenomena
• 1. Acquisition
• 2. Extinction
• 3. Schedules of Reinforcement
• Interval or Ratio
• Fixed or Variable
• H. Therapies
• 1. Selective Positive Reinforcement
• 2. Selective Punishment
• 3. Extinction
• I. Avoidance

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IV. Cognitive Approach

• A. Assumptions
• 1. Cognitive Processes Influence Behavior
• 2. Changing Cognitions Changes Disorders
• Cognitive Therapy
• 1. Expectations
• Outcome
• Efficacy
• 2. Appraisals

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IV. Cognitive Approach

• B. Cognitive Therapy
• 3. Attributions
• External vs. Internal
• Stable vs. Unstable
• Global vs. Specific

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IV. Cognitive Approach

• Beliefs Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive
  Therapy

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IV. Cognitive Approach

• C. Cognitive Behavior Therapy
• 1. Multimodal Therapy Arnold Lazarus
• Behavior
• Affect
• Sensation
• Imagery
• Cognition
• Interpersonal relationships
• Drugs

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Chapter 4

• The Biological Approach and Neuroscience

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I. The Biological Approach

• A. Determining Causes and Treatment
• 1. Etiology biochemistry, neuroanatomy
• 2. Treatment
• B. Diathesis-Stress Model

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II. Genes and Abnormal Behavior

• A. Genes and Chromosomes
• 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid
• 2. Chromosomes
• 3. Zygote
• 4. Sex chromosomes
• 5. Recessive and Dominant Genes

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II. Genes and Abnormal Behavior

• B. Genotypes and Phenotypes
• 1. Polygenetic traits
• 2. Monozygotic and Dizygotic twins
• C. Gene-Environment Interaction
• 1. Penetrance
• 2. Replication, Transcription, Translation

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II. Genes and Abnormal Behavior

• D. Research Methods in Behavioral Genetics
• 1. Family Study
• 2. Adoption
• 3. Twin Studies

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III. Neurons and Biochemical Etiology

• A. Neural Activity
• 1. Communicating Among Neurons
• Neurotransmitters Excitatory, Inhibitory
• Diffusion, Degradation, Reuptake
• Agonists and Antogonists

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III. Neurons and Biochemical Etiology

• 2. Neurotransmitters
• 1. Dopamine Parkinsons, Schizophrenia, Reward,
  Mood
• 2. Norepinephrine Arousal, Mood and Behavior,
  Stress
• Anxiety and Depression
• 3. Serotonin SSRIs, information processing
• 4. GABA inhibitory, agonists treat anxiety.
• 3. Hormones
• B. Disordered Neural Activity
• C. Molecular Techniques of Study

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IV. Brain Structures and Abnormal Behavior

• A. The Central Nervous System
• 1. Spinal Cord and Brain Stem
• 2. Forebrain
• A. Cortex and Functions
• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• 3. Subcortical Areas
• A. Behavioral Inhibition Area Septal to
  Hippocampus
• B. Amygdala emotion and reward
• C. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis Response
  to stress

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IV. Brain Structures and Abnormal Behavior

• B. The Peripheral Nervous System
• C. Neurodevelopment and Abnormal Behavior
• 1. Prenatal period Mylenation
• 2. Prenatal CNS Development
• 3. Critical Periods for Psychological
  Development

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V. Neurodevelopment and Abnormal Behavior

• A. Effects of Learning and Memory
• 1. Explicit
• 2. Implicit
• B. Effects of Experience
• 1. Enriched and Impoverished Environments
• 2. Stressful Environments Sensitization

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Chapter Five

• Anxiety Disorders

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I. Fear and Anxiety

• A. Fear A Specific Object
• 1. Phobias
• 2. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
• B. Anxiety No Specific Object
• Panic Disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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I. Fear and Anxiety

• C. Elements of Fear
• 1. Cognitive
• 2. Somatic
• 3. Emotional
• 4. Behavioral
• D. Anxiety vs. Fear

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II. Phobia

• A. Definition
• B. Prevalence
• C. Kinds
• 1. Specific Animals, Natural Environment,
  Situations, Inanimate Objects, Illness and
  Injury, Blood
• 2. Social Performance, limited, Generalized

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II. Phobia

• D. Biological Explanations
• E. The Psychoanalytic Account
• 1. Little Hans
• 2. Evaluation
• F. The Behavioral Account
• 1. Classical Conditioning
• 2. Selectivity
• 3. Persistence

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II. Phobia

• F. Therapies for Phobias
• 1. Systematic Desensitization
• 2. Exposure
• 3. Modeling
• 4. Applied Tension
• 5. Drugs

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III. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• A. Precipitants of PTSD
• B. Symptoms
• C. Course of PTSD
• D. Vulnerability
• E. Treatment
• 1. Drugs
• 2. Exposure

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IV. Panic Disorder

• A. Symptoms
• B. Etiology
• 1. Biology
• 2. Cognitive
• C. Treatment
• B. Agoraphobia
• 1. Symptoms
• 2. Cause
• 3. Treatment

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V. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• A. Symptoms and Prevalence
• B. Etiology
• C. Treatment

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VI. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• A. Obsession, anxiety, and depression
• B. Vulnerability to OCD
• C. Theories
• 1. Psychodynamic
• 2. Cognitive-Behavioral
• 3. Neuroscience
• D. Treatment of OCD

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Chapter Six

• Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders

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II. Somatoform Disorders

• A. Types
• 1. Conversion
• 2. Somatization Disorder (Briquets)
• 3. Pain Disorder (Psychalgia)
• 4. Hypochondriasis
• 5. Body Dysmorphic

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II. Somatoform Disorders

• B. Diagnosis
• 1. Malingering
• 2. Psychosomatic Disorders
• 3. Factitious disorders (Münchhausen syndrome)
• Vulnerability

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II. Somatoform Disorders

• C. Etiology
• 1. Psychodynamic La belle indifference
• 2. Communication
• 3. Percept Blocking
• D. Treatment
• 1. Confrontation
• 2. Suggestion
• 3. Insight

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Chapter Seven

• Mood Disorders

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I. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

• E. Treatment of OCD
• 1. Behavior Therapy
• A. Response Prevention
• B. Exposure
• C. Modeling.
• 2. Drug Therapy
• A. Clomipramine (Anafranil)

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I. Classifying the Mood Disorders

• A. Unipolar Depression
• 1. Episodic
• 2. Chronic Dysthymic
• B. Bipolar Depression
• C. Mania

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II. Depression and Depressive Disorders

• A. Signs and Symptoms
• 1. Mood symptoms
• 2. Cognitive symptoms
• 3. Motivational symptoms
• 4. Physical symptoms

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II. Depression and Depressive Disorders

• B. Vulnerability and Prevalence
• 1. Age
• 2. Gender Differences
• 3. Race and Social Class
• 4. Life Events
• C. Course of Depression

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III. Theories of Depression

• A. Biological Approach
• 1. Genetics
• 2. Neurotransmitters and Depression
• 3. Hormones and Depression
• 4. Brain and Depression

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III. Theories of Depression

• B. Psychological Approach
• 1. Becks Cognitive Approach
• Cognitive Triad
• Errors in logic
• 2. Learned Helplessness
• Attributions
• Internal vs. External
• Stable vs. Unstable
• Global vs. Specific

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IV. Treatment of Depression

• A. Biological Therapy
• 1. Drug Treatment
• 2. Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Psychological Therapy
• 1. Cognitive Therapy
• 2. Interpersonal Therapy

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V. Bipolar Disorder

• A. Symptoms of Mania
• 1. Mood
• 2. Cognitive
• 3. Motivation
• 4. Physical
• Course of Bipolar Disorder
• Cause of Bipolar Disorder
• Treatment
• E. Seasonal Affective Disorder

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VI. Suicide

• A. Risks
• 1. Depression
• 2. Gender differences
• 3. Cultural differences
• 4. Age

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VI. Suicide

• B. Motivation
• Durkheim Anomic, Egoistic, Altruistic
• Surcease and Manipulation
• C. Prevention and Treatment

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Chapter Eight

• Early-Onset Disorders

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I. Identifying Childhood Disorders

• A. Vulnerabilities to Disorders
• B. Developmental Issues
• C. Types of Childhood Disorders
• 1. Emotional
• 2. Developmental Disorders
• 3. Eating and Habit Disorders
• 4. Disruptive Behavior Disorders

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II. Emotional Disorders

• A. Reactive Attachment Disorder
• B. Separation Anxiety Disorder
• C. Phobias
• D. Childhood Depression

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III. Developmental Disorders

• A. Mental Retardation
• 1. Mild
• 2. Moderate
• 3. Severe
• 4. Profound
• Causes
• Down Syndrome
• Phenylketonuria

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III. Developmental Disorders

• C. Learning Disorders
• D. Pervasive Developmental Disorders
• 1. Autism
• 2. Rhetts Disorder
• 3. Childhood Disintegration Disorder
• 4. Aspergers Disorder

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IV. Habit Disorders and Eating Disorders

• A. Anorexia and Bulimia
• B. Elimination Disorders Enuresis, Encopresis
• C. Stuttering
• D. Tic Disorders
• 1. Tourettes

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V. Disruptive Behavior Disorders

• A. Conduct Disorders
• 1. Origins
• 2. Treatment
• B. Oppositional Defiant Disorder
• C. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• 1. Origins
• 2. Treatment

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Chapter Nine

• Personality Disorders

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I. Diagnosing Personality Disorders

• A. Categories or Dimensions
• B. Development

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Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders

• A. Paranoid
• B. Schizoid
• C. Schizotypal

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III. Dramatic-Erratic Personality Disorders

• A. Antisocial Personality Disorder
• B. Characteristics
• 1. Inadequately Motivated Antisocial Behavior
• 2. Absence of a conscience and a Sense of
• Responsibility to Others
• 3. Emotional Poverty

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III. Dramatic-Erratic Personality Disorders

• C. Sources
• 1. Family
• 2. Learning
• Avoidance
• Immediacy of Consequences
• Genetics
• E. Physiology

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III. Dramatic-Erratic Personality Disorders

• F. Histrionic
• G. Narcissistic
• H. Borderline

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IV. Anxious-Fearful Disorders

• A. Avoidant Personality
• B. Dependant Personality Disorder
• C. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Chapter Ten

• The Schizophrenias

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I. History and Background

• A. Historical Views
• 1. Myths
• 2. Definitions
• Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)
• Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939)
• Adolph Meyer (1866-1950)

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I. History and Background

• B. Symptoms
• 1. Temporal Criteria Six months
• 2. Substantive Criteria Psychosis
• 3. Delusions Grandeur, Control, Persecution,
  Reference, Somatic
• 4. Hallucinations
• 5. Disorganized Speech
• 6. Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior
• 7. Negative Symptoms

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I. History and Background

• C. DSM-IV Subtypes
• 1. Paranoid
• 2. Disorganized
• 3. Catatonic
• 4. Undifferentiated
• 5. Residual

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I. History and Background

• D. Other Dimensions
• 1. Chronic vs. Acute
• 2. Type I vs. Type II
• E. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia

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II. Deficits in Functioning

• A. Cognitive
• 1. Language
• 2. Attention
• B. Perceptual Deficits
• C. Motor Deficits
• D. Emotional Deficits

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Sources of Vulnerability

• A. Genetics
• 1. Concordance Rates
• 2. Family Studies
• 3. Adoption Studies
• Biochemistry
• 1. Dopamine Hypothesis
• Brain Structure and Function
• D. Social Influences

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Treatment of Schizophrenia

• A. Medications
• 1. Tardive Dyskinesia
• B. Psychological Treatments

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Chapter Thirteen

• Sexual Disorders

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I. Layers of Erotic Life

• A. Gender Identity
• B. Sexual Orientation
• C. Sexual Preference/Interest
• D. Sex Role
• E. Sexual Performance

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II. Gender Identity Disorders

• A. Characteristics of Transsexuals
• B. Etiology of Transsexualism
• C. Sex Reassignment

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III. Sexual Orientation

• A. Origins of Sexual Orientation
• 1. Fetal Hormones
• 2. Anatomical Basis Anterior Hypothalamus
• 3. Twin Data
• B. Change of Sexual Orientation

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IV. Sexual Preference

• A. Paraphilias
• 1. Fetishes
• 2. Transvestism
• 3. Sadism and Masochism
• 4. Exhibitionism, Voyeurism, Pedophilia
• Causes
• 1. Psychodynamic View
• 2. Behavioral View Preparedness
• C. Treatment

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V. Sex Role
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VI. Sexual Performance

• A. Physiology of Human Sexual Response
• 1. Male
• 2. Female

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VI. Sexual Performance

• Impairments Sexual Dysfunction
• 1. Sexual Unresponsiveness
• Female sexual arousal disorder, Sexual aversion
  disorder
• Erectile dysfunction Primary, Secondary
• 2. Orgasmic Disorders
• Female Primary, Secondary
• Male Premature, Retarded ejaculation

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VI. Sexual Performance

• C. Causes of Sexual Dysfunction
• 1. Biological Causes
• 2. Psychological Causes
• Treatment
• 1. Direct Sexual Therapy
• 2. Biological Approach

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I. Identifying Childhood Disorders

• A. Vulnerabilities to Disorders
• B. Developmental Issues
• C. Types of Childhood Disorders
• 1. Emotional
• 2. Developmental Disorders
• 3. Eating and Habit Disorders
• 4. Disruptive Behavior Disorders

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I. Disruptive Behavior Disorders

• A. Conduct Disorders
• 1. Origins
• 2. Treatment
• B. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• 1. Origins
• 2. Treatment

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II. Emotional Disorders

• A. Reactive Attachment Disorder
• B. Separation Anxiety Disorder
• C. Phobias
• D. Childhood Depression

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III. Habit Disorders and Eating Disorders

• A. Eneuresis
• B. Stuttering
• C. Anorexia and Bulimia

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IV. Developmental Disorders

• A. Mental Retardation
• 1. Mild
• 2. Moderate
• 3. Severe
• 4. Profound
• Causes
• Down Syndrome
• Phenylketonuria

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IV. Developmental Disorders

• C. Learning Disorders
• D. Pervasive Developmental Disorders
• 1. Autism