enerbal show

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Sustainable development policies and measures
Harald Winkler, Randall Spalding-Fecher, Stanford
Mwakasonda Ogunlade Davidson Energy
Development Research CentreUniversity of Cape
Town
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What is the SD-PAMs approach?

• Sustainable development (SD) policies and
  measures (PAMs)
• Backcast from desired future state of
  development, not GHG reduction goal or cap
• define more sustainable paths to meet development
  objectives
• Climate change as ancillary benefit of
  achieving SD
• Developing countries (DC) focused on basic
  development needs climate change not a priority
• commit to implementing SD policies in practice
• Basis in Article 3.4 of the Convention the
  right to sustainable development

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Emissions from development path matter at least
as much as mitigation policy
IPCC Emission Scenarios (grey) versus emissions
path needed for stabilisation (red)
A1T
A1FI
B2
B1
Source IPCC 2001 Third Assessment Report, WG3,
p. 151
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Steps in applying SD PAMs

• Country outlines future development objectives
• backcasting from long term goals where possible
• Identify PAMs to achieve development objectives
  more sustainably, for reasons other than CC
• a. Existing policy not fully implemented or
• b. New policies and / or more stringent measures
• Quantify the changes in GHG emissions from
  individual PAMs
• Identify PAMs with synergies or conflicts between
  SD benefits and GHG limitations
• Summarise the net impact of a basket of SD-PAMs
  on development and GHG emissions

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Disadvantages of SD-PAMs approach

• Does not ensure a global reduction or cap on GHG
  emissions
• reduces emissions from BAU, not from 1990 levels
• Analytically hard to summarise net impacts of
  basket of PAMs on GHGs
• See SA case study in the chapter in the book

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Advantages of SD-PAMs approach

• Starts from SD, which DC policymakers prioritise
• Extend and implement existing domestic policies
• synergies are win-win or no-regrets policies
• Builds DC leadership by showing what DC are doing
• Takes account of national circumstances
• builds in domestic energy resource endowment,
  climate, levels of industrialisation and
  motorisation, income
• develops capacity to mitigate
• Create incentives for early DC action
  differentiated responsibility and action
• Helps build a climate of trust for potential
  future commitments

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Institutional challenge Formalising the approach

• Accountability in a pledge-based approach
• How does this link to the UNFCCC / KP system?
• Countries make pledges to implement SD-PAMs
• Commitments under UNFCCC Article 4.1 b and 4.1
  f
• Mandatory reporting under new registry versus
  reporting in National Communications

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The funding challenge Who pays?

• For PAMs that reduce emissions
• Annex II already have commitment for incremental
  costs of implementing mitigation measures and
  full costs of formulation and reporting (Article
  4.3)
• For additional funds, access GEF, CDM, new
  Convention and KP funds
• Broader than CDM need national, sectoral
  baselines to assess impact
• For PAMs that do not reduce emissions
• Access ODA, Dev Banks, private capital
• Since it promotes development, may mobilise
  domestic funding more readily

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What you wont find in this presentation

• but can read in the chapter in the book!
• More detailed ideas about implementing SD-PAMs
• Defining and formalising the commitment
• What might baselines for SD be?
• Timing and graduation issues
• How should SD-PAMs be reviewed and accounted for?
• Link between climate policies and SD policies
• More on funding
• Case study SD-PAMs applied to South African
  situation

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Concluding remarks

• Climate change negotiations have to address the
  political priorities of DCs
• SD PAMs is an possible first step in DC
  participation
• Can start now and continue in parallel to
  negotiations around second commitment period

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Thank you for listening
www.edrc.uct.ac.za
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Which developing countries might find it
attractive?

• Least Developed Countries in particular?
• Rapidly industrialising countries
• would not have surplus under top-down allocation
  schemes
• Analytical
• grouping by emissions intensity (CO2 / GDP),
  ability to pay (GDP / pop), Human Dev Index?

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Equity and future commitment regimes

• One major question How to set up a framework for
  global participation in the effort to combat
  climate change?
• Top-down approaches can guarantee an
  environmental outcome
• Bottom-up approaches politically more likely to
  bring DCs into the system
• Could include this slide, leave out points on
  slide 7? And what about the graphic?
• Consider both responsibility of countries, and
  their capacity to meet targets
• SD-PAMs a bottom-upapproach that builds
  capacity in DCs

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Implementation challenges conceptual

• What is the baseline for SD? Business-as-usual?
• Conventional development / dirty development
• Current policy? Or implementation?
• Multi-sectoral - how many baselines can you
  monitor
• How to prevent gaming
• countries claiming existing policies as new
  SD-PAMs
• Link between SD-PAMs and climate mitigation
  policies
• end up dealing with energy services, transport,
  housing
• difference in the motivation / starting point -
  to achieve developmentor to reduce GHGs