Conservation

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Conservation Biology
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Island biogeography and conservation
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Island biogeography and conservation
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Patterns of extinction on Philippine
land-bridge islands
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NON-FLYING MAMMALS ON
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NON-FLYING MAMMALS ON
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NON-FLYING MAMMALS ON
Slope difference reflects faunal
relaxation (extinctions) since the late
Pleistocene
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Philippine forest destruction
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Forested habitat islands
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Forested habitat islands
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Occurrence of small mammals across a disturbance
gradient (Balbalasang, Luzon)
Chrotomys whiteheadi
Mature Disturbed Pine Second
forest forest forest growth
Crops Buildings
Native species Rattus everetti Chrotomys
whiteheadi Phloeomys pallidus Apomys datae
Apomys microdon Bullimus luzonicus
Archboldomys sp. Batomys granti Carpomys
phaeurus Chrotomys silaceus Rhynchomys
soricoides Crocidura grayi
Non-natives Rattus exulans Rattus tanezumi
Rattus norvegicus Suncus murinus
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Philippine mammals habitat disturbance
Most native species require natural forest
habitat Non-native species are generally
restricted to disturbed habitats Non-natives can
invade forest only where native species are
absent
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Great Basin mammals
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Great Basin mountain islands
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Species-Area effects Great Basin montane mammals
Faunal relaxation (extinction)
Mainland (Rocky Mtns)
Islands
Continuing colonization
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Island biogeography of North American
parks From W. D. Newmark (1995) Conservation
Biology 9512
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Island biogeography of North American
parks
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Flyn Springs 1890 m
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Flyn Springs faunal changes
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Willow Creek 2010 m
Expansion of piñon-juniper and displacement of
sagebrush
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Willow Creek faunal changes
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Three Lakes (2900-3015 m)
2007 Photo by E. A. Rickart
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Three Lakes region faunal changes
New arrivals?
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Distribution of species across elevation
gradients
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Distribution across elevation gradients
Detecting changes
Up-slope shift of range boundaries
Recent distribution
Historical distribution
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Elevation range
Sampling limits
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Elevation range shifts
?
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Climate Change
Global Warming?
Hottest US summers (June 1 Aug 31 average Temp)

• 1936 74.73
• 2006 74.50
  
• 1934 74.27
• 2002 73.89
• 1988 73.86
  
• 2007 73.80
• 1933 73.59
• 1931 73.50
• 2003 73.45
• 10 1937 73.40
• 11 2001 73.37

• 1936 74.73
• 2006 74.50
  
• 1934 74.27
• 2002 73.89
• 1988 73.86
  
• 2007 73.80
• 1933 73.59
• 1931 73.50
• 2003 73.45
• 10 1937 73.40
• 11 2001 73.37

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Global Warming?
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Mammalian orders threatened with extinction
Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal
level Class MAMMALIA Subclass -
PROTOTHERIA Order - Monotremata -
echidnas and platypus 3 species Subclass -
THERIA Infraclass Metatheria
(Marsupials) Order Didelphimorphia -
opossums 63 species Order
Paucituberculata - rat oppossums 5 species
Order Microbiotheria - Monito del Monte,
Ilaca 1 species Order Dasyuromorphia
- extinct Tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures etc.
63 sp. Order Peramelemorphia -
bandicoots 21 species Order
Notoryctemorphia - marsupial "mole" 2 species
Order Diprotodontia - koala, wombats,
kangaroos possums 117 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia)
Order Xenarthra sloths, armadillos, anteaters
29 species Order Pholidota - pangolins
7 species Order Insectivora - shrews,
tenrecs, moles, hedgehogs 428 species
Order Scandentia - tree shrews 19 species
Order Dermoptera - Colugos 2 species
Order Chiroptera - Bats 925 species
Order Primates - lemurs, monkeys and apes 233
species Order Carnivora - cats, dogs,
bears, seals, raccoons etc. 271 species
Order Cetacea - whales and dolphins 78 species
Order Sirenia - dugongs and manatees
5 species Order Proboscidea -
elephants 2 species Order Hyracoidea
- hyraxes 6 species Order
Perissodactyla - horses, tapirs rhinos 18
species Order Tubulidentata -
Aardvark 1 species Order Artiodactyla
- pigs, hippos, camels, bovids, antelopes, deer
220 sp. Order Macroscelidea - elephant
shrews 15 species Order Rodentia -
rodents 2021 species Order Lagomorpha
- hares, rabbits and pikas 80 species   Total
(in 1993) 4629 species of Recent
mammals Wilson, D. L. D. M. Reeder. 1993.
Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Press