Reptiles and Birds

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Reptiles and Birds
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Class Reptilia

• Scales
• Amniotic egg
• One occipital condyle
• Ectothermic
• Three chambered heart
• Claws

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Amniotic Egg
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Order Testudines

• No teeth in adult
• Shell
• Anapsid

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Turtle Shell
Carapace
Plastron
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Order Squamata

• Kinetic skull
• Movable joints
• Lizards
• Snakes
• Dinosaurs

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Green Iguana

• Ornamental crest
• Five feet long
• Tropical rainforest
• Mexico
• South America
• Omnivores

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Komodo Dragon

• Attack and eat humans
• 10 feet long
• 300 pounds
• Indonesia

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Snakes

• No legs
• No external ears
• Jacobsons organ
• Sense smell with aid of tongue
• Cornea of eye protected with a spectacle
• transparent membrane
• Skull bones loose
• Swallow large prey

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Order Crocodilia

• Crocodiles
• Caimans
• Alligators
• Gavials
• Elongated skull
• Four chambered heart

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Alligator
Caiman
Crocodile
Gavial
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Class Aves
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Class Aves

• Feathers
• No teeth
• Flexible long neck
• One occipital condyle
• Scales on legs
• Bones with air spaces
• Endothermic
• Four chambered heart

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Adaptations for Flight

• Honey combed bones
• Air cavities
• Less weight

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Adaptations for Flight

• Enlarged sternum
• Flight muscle attachment
• Long neck
• balance

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Adaptations for Flight

• Wing
• lift

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Adaptations for Flight

• Reduce body weight
• No teeth
• No urinary bladder
• No penis
• Only one ovary

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Digestive System

• Crop
• Storage
• Proventriculus
• Enzymes
• Gizzard
• Grind food
• Cloaca
• Waste
• Reproduction

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Vision

• Up to 8 times keener than human vision
• Each eye moves indendtantly

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Respiratory System

• Nine air sacs
• Connect to lungs and centers of bones
• Cools the bird
• Fresh air always moving
• No dead ends as in mammals
• Each wing beat moves air
• Never run out of air

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Bird Classification

• 28 orders
• 9600 species

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Class Mammalia
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Class Mammalia

• Hair
• Mammary glands
• Sweat glands
• Diphyodont teeth
• Two sets
• Heterodont teeth
• Different shapes and functions

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Class Mammalia

• Movable eyelids
• Two occipital condyles
• Three ear bones
• Muscular diaphragm
• Placenta
• Except two groups
• Endothermic
• Four chambered heart

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Fig. 48.28
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Therapsids

• Body raised off the ground
• Limbs more under the body
• Teeth differentiated into 3 types
• Secondary palate developing
• Phalangeal formula develops 2-3-3-3-3

Lystosaurus
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Early Mammals

• Triassic
• 220 MYA
• Small
• Hair
• Mammary glands
• Skin glands
• Molar teeth

Megazostrodon
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Basic Mammal
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Classification of the Bones

• The 206 bones of the human may be classified
  according to their shape or whether they are in
  the axial skeleton or appendicular skeleton.
• Shapes include long bones, short cube-shaped
  bones, flat bones, round bones, and irregular
  bones such as vertebrae.
• The bones are not smooth but have knobs and
  processes where muscles attach.

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The skeleton
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Same bones, different stance
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Digestive system
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Path of blood through the heart
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Cardiovascular system diagram
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Bats

• Only flying mammal
• Seed dispersal
• Pollination
• Control insects

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Whales

• Blue whale
• 100 feet long, 120 tons
• 9 story building
• Loudest animal 188 dB
• Sound travels 100s of miles

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Blue Whale

• Baleen whale
• Eats krill
• Tiny crustaceans
• 400 pounds/day
• Heart weighs 1000 pounds
• Size of a Volkswagen
• Endangered species

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Monotremes

• Lay eggs
• Incubate 12 days
• Lick milk from mothers fur
• Transitional species

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Marsupials

• Pouched mammals
• Birth to tiny embryo
• Embryo attaches to mothers nipple to complete
  development

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Placental Mammals

• Placenta nourishes embryo
• Long gestation period
• 22 months for elephant
• Most successful group of mammals

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Placental Mammals

• Competitive advantage over monotremes and
  marsupials
• Better nutrition from placenta
• Less vulnerable to predators
• More advanced at birth

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Evolution of Placenta from Amniotic Egg

• Reptile
• Chorion
• Oxygen from air
• Amnion
• Provides private pond
• Yolk Sac
• Food for embryo
• Allantois
• Store urinary waste

• Mammal
• Chorion
• Form placenta to get oxygen food from mothers
  blood
• Amnion
• Provides private pond
• Yolk sac
• Temporarily make RBCs
• Allantois
• Form umbilical cord

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Mammal Classification

• 14 major orders
• Over 4,000 species
• About half are rodents

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Order Monotremata

• Lays eggs
• Young lick milk from mothers fur

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Order Marsupiallia

• Pouch

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Order Primates

• Opposable thumb
• Binocular vision
• Fingernails usually
• Mammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair

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The End