Water Moving Underground

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WaterMovingUnderground

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• 97 of Earths water is salty ocean water.
• Less than 3 is fresh water.

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• 97 of Earths water is salty ocean water.
• Less than 3 is fresh water.

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• About 1 of Earths water is usable fresh water.

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• Most fresh water is stored in the ground.

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• The Water Cycle, also called the is hydrologic
  cycle, is never ending and solar powered.

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• All water on the face of Earth today has been
  used many times before for many different
  reasons.

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All Water is Recycled Every single drop of
it. It has all been used before it will all be
used again.
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• Changes of State of Matter

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• Evaporation is the change of liquid water to
  water vapor.
• Evaporation requires energy.

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• Condensation is the change of water vapor to
  liquid water.
• When water condenses, it releases energy.

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• Freezing is change of liquid water to solid
  water.
• When water freezes it releases energy.

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• Melting is the change of solid water to liquid
  water.
• When something melts it requires energy to be
  put into the system.

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• Sublimation is the change of solid water to water
  vapor.
• Sublimation requires energy.
• CO2 sublimes very well.

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• Transpiration happens when plants give off water
  vapor after using water to move nutrients and
  power photosynthesis.

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• Water Budget describes what happens to water that
  falls on the United States.
• The average yearly rainfall in the United States
  is about 75 cm.

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• 70 (52 cm returns by evaporation
• 30 (23 cm) returns as runoff

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• Amount of groundwater is determined by
• Climate
• Rainfall
• Topography
• Vegetation

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• Rocks can hold water

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• Porous means that there are small holes in rocks.
  
• Those holes are called pores.

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• Nonporous means that there are no holes in the
  rocks.

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• Permeable means that water can flow through the
  rock.

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• Porous ? Permeable

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• Impermeable means that water cannot flow through
  the rock.

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• Nonporous ? Impermeable

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• Zone of Saturation is the region of the ground
  where all the pores of the soil are filled with
  water.
• All of the pores are saturated.

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• Water Table is the surface of the zone of
  saturation.

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• Zone of Aeration all of the ground above water
  table.
• The pores in the rock are not saturated.

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• Depth of water table depends upon
• amount of rainfall
• season
• slope of ground
• Climate
• soil

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• Wells and springs are produced when the water
  table is exposed to the atmosphere

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• Artesian formations
• Permeable layer must be exposed to the
  atmosphere somewhere to absorb H2O.

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• Artesian formations
• Caprock is drilled through.
• Water pressure pushes out the water.

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• Groundwater is a renewable resource, but it must
  be conserved and protected.

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• In recharging used and purified water is returned
  to the ground.

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• Remember this
• At a depth of about 20m the temperature of
  groundwater is about the same as the average
  yearly temperature of the region.

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Im Listening Now. Really, I am.
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• Below 20 m the earth generally begins to warm.
• Therefore the groundwater found at those depths
  is also warmer.

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Still Listening.
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• Warm water dissolves minerals better than cool
  water.
• Warm springs tend to be mineral springs.

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• When warm groundwater reaches the surface it
  forms
• hot springs
• paint pots
• geysers

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• Geysers are boiling hot springs that erupt from
  time to time.

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• Fumaroles are dry hot springs and geysers.
• Only steam and (smelly) gases escape

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• Paint pots are hot springs with so many dissolved
  minerals the water is thick and muddy.

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• Groundwater dissolves minerals as it flows
  through the ground.

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This Stuff is Important!
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• Common dissolved minerals are
• Ca2
• Mg2
• Fe2
• Fe3

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• Water with dissolved minerals is called hard
  water.

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• Caverns are formed when groundwater flowing
  through limestone fissures dissolves the rock.

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• Sinkholes are formed when the roof of a cavern
  near the surface has fallen in.

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• Limestone is the most common bedrock in which
  caverns are found.
• We are loaded with limestone around here.

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• Karst Topography is a region characterized by
• lost rivers
• Sinks
• sinkhole lakes
• underground drainage

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• Minerals deposited by the evaporation of
  groundwater

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• Stalactites are found hanging from the ceilings
  of caverns.
• They must Hang tight.

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• Stalagmites grow from the floor of caverns.
• They Might grow up.

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• Columns are formed when stalactites and
  stalagmites join.

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• Travertine is formed around hot springs.
• It often forms terraces of spectacular size and
  beauty.

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• Geyserite is formed around the base of geysers.

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