Demographic Data

1
Demographic Data

• Characteristics that describe a population
• Includes not only age and sex but also income,
  occupation, and utilization of health services
  (private and public)
• When coupled with geographical location, these
  data can be invaluable in planning, assessing,
  and predicting need

2
Vital Events

• Consist of four major activities
• births
• deaths
• marriages
• divorces
• In many states, other events such as abortions
  and certain diseases, are also considered "vital"
  and are likewise recorded

3
The U.S. Census

• Mandated by Congress in 1789, the government
  canvasses the entire countryside every ten years
  to ascertain the population of the United States
• The census typically consists the short form
  (completed by all households) and a long form
  (16) completed under the direction of a trained
  census worker

4
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs)

• Many specific requirements have to be met before
  an area is classified as a SMSA.
• One of the major requirements that must be met is
  that the area must consist of at least fifty
  thousand residences.
• In 1980, three hundred and twenty-three such
  areas were identified.

5
SMSA Classifications

• Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA)
  
• The CMSA is a SMSA that consists of several
  SMSAs, often cities with millions of residents
  (Chicago is a good example of a CMSA).
• Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA)
• PMSA represent SMSAs where the population is over
  fifty thousand, but typically less than five
  hundred thousand. Youngstown, Ohio, is an
  example of a PMSA.

6
Apgar Score

• International code is used to measure the health
  of an infant
• Scores range from zero to ten, with scores lower
  than eight indicating moderately or severely
  depressed conditions.
• Measures occur at one minute and five minutes
  after birth and identify heart rate, respiratory
  effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and
  color of skin (e.g., flush, blueness).

7
APGAR

• Appearance (or color)
• Pulse
• Grimace or reflex irritability
• Activity or movement
• Respiration

8
Live Birth

• The complete expulsion or extraction of the fetus
  from its mother
• The fetus must be at least twenty weeks in
  gestation
• The fetus must show signs of life such as a
  beating heart, palpitation of the umbilical cord,
  or definite movement of voluntary muscles

9
Premature Infant

• A live-born infant with a birth weight of less
  than five pounds, eight ounces (2,500 grams)
• Sometimes referred to as low birth weight
• Length of gestation is irrelevant in this
  definition

10
Full-term Infant

• A live-born infant weighing five pounds, eight
  ounces (2,500 grams), or more, regardless of the
  length of gestation.

11
Infant Death

• Death of a live-born infant occurring within the
  first year of life.

12
Neonatal Death

• Death of a live-born infant occurring within the
  first twenty-seven days of life.
• This term can sometimes vary.

13
Fetal Death

• Death of a fetus taking place at twenty weeks of
  gestation or later, and before birth.

14
Perinatal Death

• Fetal or neonatal death

15
Abortion

• Any death of a fetus prior to twenty weeks is
  considered an abortion
• Can be spontaneous, which is a naturally
  occurring phenomenon, or it can be induced by
  medical means
• May or may not be required to be reported to the
  state for vital records

16
Mortality

• Death
• Relatively easy to determine
• Causes of death are cited in the death
  certificate.

17
Morbidity

• Illnesses
• More difficult to gather and in some cases
  difficult to interpret
• ICD-9
• International Classification of Disease, Ninth
  Edition

18
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Natality Survey
• compiles data on socioeconomic and demographic
  characteristics of mothers, prenatal care,
  pregnancy history, occupational background, and
  the health status of mothers and infants. The
  data are collected from periodic surveys mailed
  to new mothers.

19
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Health Interview Survey
• focuses primarily on health conditions and
  factors about Americans' health, asking questions
  regarding the incidence of illnesses and
  injuries, prevalence of chronic diseases, and
  other health-related topics, such as physician,
  dentist, and hospital visits.

20
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Health and Nutrition Examination
  Survey
• began in 1959 and has continued to take place
  every two to four years. It assesses clinical
  data such as blood pressure, serum cholesterol,
  visual acuity, and nutritional status and
  deficiencies.

21
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
• analogous to the National Health and Nutrition
  Examination Survey. This survey reviews the
  records of approximately fifty thousand visits to
  physicians' offices and requests information on
  diagnoses and symptoms identified in such visits.

22
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Hospital Discharge Survey
• begun in 1965, samples approximately two hundred
  thousand hospital records, reviewing diagnoses,
  surgeries, and various characteristics of
  patients and correlating these factors to the
  size and location of the various hospitals.

23
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Mortality Survey
• reviews data on various socioeconomic
  characteristics, facilities used, costs incurred,
  and related health factors occurring during a
  patient's last year of life.
• The National Nursing Home Survey
• begun in 1963, compiles data on nursing homes,
  their services, and the characteristics of the
  residents.

24
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Medical Care Utilization and
  Expenditures Survey
• reviews the use of and expenditures for health
  services during the previous year, collecting the
  data from household interviews.
• The National Inventory of Family Planning Service
  
• lists all clinics that provide family planning
  services. The information is based on data
  collected in questionnaires sent to such
  facilities.

25
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Hospital Discharge Survey
• begun in 1965, samples approximately two hundred
  thousand hospital records, reviewing diagnoses,
  surgeries, and various characteristics of
  patients and correlating these factors to the
  size and location of the various hospitals.

26
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Master Facility Inventory
• lists inpatient health facilities in the United
  States. It also identifies services, location,
  and staff in each of these facilities.
• The Health Professions Survey
• identifies information on the number, location,
  training, and specialization of primary and
  allied health professionals.

27
Major Data Systems of the National Center for
Health Statistics' in Public Health Reports'
(Vol. 963200-201)

• The National Reporting System for Family Planning
  Services
• Collects data on persons receiving medical family
  planning services
• Data are collected from clinic records for
  patients at federally supported family planning
  programs, as well as other public and private
  organizations.

28
To learn how to download such data from CD-ROMS

• Click http//www.kittle.siu.edu/course/CD-ROM.htm