Republic of Estonia

1
Republic of Estonia

• Parliamentary republic
• Capital Tallinn
• Independence August 20, 1991
• Constitution adopted June 28, 1992, joined NATO
  and EU in 2004
• Flag derived from Estonias pre 1940 days
• Blue faith, loyalty, and devotion
• Black dark past and suffering
• White striving towards enlightenment and virtue

2

• Estonia is located North of Latvia and west of
  Russia. To the north is the Baltic Sea and
  Finland
• Area about size of New Hampshire and Vermont
  combined
• Occupied several times in the 18th century, in
  1940 forced into the USSR
• Independence August 20, 1991
• Population 1, 315, 912
• Multiethnic and lingual 67.9 Estonian, 25.6
  Russian, 2.1 Ukrainian, 1.3 Belarusian, .9
  Finn, 2.2 other

3

• Census act passed 1998, made it legal
• 2000 1st population and housing census conducted
• Enumerator met with residents, and filled out
  census forms to ensure integrity

4
Results of 2000 CensusPopulation

• Population of 1,315, 912 188,900 or 12.1
  person decrease from 1989. Have -0. 632 pop
  growth rate
• Two main causes negative natural growth and low
  life expectancy
• Negative natural growth average 41,000 into pop
  and 85,000 lost to out migration
• Town and rural pop suffer most with negative
  natural growth and increased internal migration
  to cities. Also the departure of the last Soviet
  troops in 1994 decreased the pop

5
Aging Population

• Age structure 0-14 14 100,143 male and 94,450
  female, 15-64 67.5 420,896 males and 462,072
  females, 64-? 17.6 76,171 males and 153,873
  females
• Number of young people decreasing, have older
  population
• In 2000 documented that from 1975 the under 15
  pop has decreased by 3 and the over 65 pop has
  increased by 3
• Projected that in 2025 14.3 of pop will be
  under 15 and 21.5 of pop will be over 65

6
Low Life Expectancy

• 2nd main factor in the decrease of the population
• Brought on by losses in the two world wars and
  the subsequent repression of Soviet rule
• At end of 1980s more Estonian nationals lived
  abroad than at home
• Additionally life expectancy was hit due to the
  upheavals in the 1990s

7
Stats Affected by Low Life Expectancy

• Due to the upheavals and crises several
  demographic trends emerged low fertility, high
  mortality, and increased emigration
• Birth Rate 10.28/ 1000 people
• Infant mortality rate 7.45 deaths/ 1000 live
  births
• Life Expectancy at birth males 67.16, and
  females 78.3
• Fertility 1.42 births/ woman
• Death rate 13.35/ 1000 people
• Net migration rate -3.24/ 1000 people

8
Depiction of Male life expectancy in Estonia
compared to 28 other countries
9
Healthcare in Estonia

• Has become a bigger issue in resent years due to
  joining the EU25
• Pressure to improve life expectancy of males and
  decrease the number of unnatural deaths due to
  alcoholism, suicide, road accidents, and violence
• Mainly focussing on these unnatural deaths cause
  not plagued by an inordinate number of deaths
  resulting from cardiovascular disfunctions or
  infectious diseases
• Example only 1.1 of pop infected with AIDS,
  there are less then 200 deaths and about 7,800
  people living with HIV/ ADIS

10
Family Formation

• Followed trends with other countries in Europe
  that into the 1990s there was a marked increase
  in the prevelence of family de-institutionalisatio
  n
• Became more common for cohabitaiton and the
  existance of common law marriages.

11
Family Formation

• In Estonia the change is mainly due the cost and
  tax on marriage and the changing perception that
  marriage is not needed and only complicates the
  living situations
• Along with the increased cohabitaiton there has
  been a steady increase in extramarital births
  since 1960
• In 2000 had the second highest of extramarital
  births in the EU25 after Sweden
• 54.5 of live births in Estonia came out of
  wedlock
• Additionally 9.4 of total childen live with one
  parent

12
Family Formation

• Another breakdown in family formation came in
  the form of an increase teenage pregnancies
• 25 of live births are products of teen
  pregnancy
• Estonian government does not find this a
  problem, see it as a conteraffect to the
  declining population
• Promote pregnancy at any age, and are more
  concerned about the increase in the number of
  abortions 95 abortions for every 100 births

13
Estonian Economy

• One of the fastest growing in the world
• Growth rates have exceeded 10
• Unemployment rate in 2006 had fallen to 4.2
  from 12.6 in 2001
• 688,000 people in labor force 11 agriculture,
  20 industry, 69 services and only 5 of
  population below poverty line
• Estonia is 90 energy independent and along with
  this and the low cost of labor hope to increase
  the presence of foreign investment

14
Real GDP (gross domestic product) in Estonia from
1996-2006
plumet in 1999 due to high account deficits
15
Human Development Index

• - The HDI provides information on for a country
  on how it measure up in three categories living
  a long and healthy life (measured by life
  expectancy), being educated (measured by adult
  literacy), and having a decent standard of living
  
• - Allows one to view human progress in a visual
  form

16
Shows how Estonias HDI factor has steadily been
increasing since 1995 after overcoming the
initial crises that erupted after their
independence from Russia
17

• news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6604647.stm
• www.baltictimes.com/

18
Sources Used

• http//palun.blogspot.com/2007/05/demographics-and
  -estonia-overview.html
• http//www.indexmundi.com/estonia/population.html
• http//unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/meetings/eg
  m/Symposium2001/docs/symposium_43.htm
• https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world
  -factbook/
• www.stat.ee/public/naidikulaud/estonia_in_europe.p
  df
• Family Policy Matters Responding to Family
  Change in Europe By Linda Hantrais
• hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/ct
  y_fs_EST.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_EstoniaTh
  e_economy_today
• news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6604647.stm