Title for First Slide

1
Ozone from the Larger Perspective From Science
to the Aura Satellite Jack Fishman Atmospheric
Sciences NASA Langley Research Center Hampton,
Virginia MY NASA DATA
Workshop NASA Langley Research
Center Hampton, Virginia August 6,
2004
2
Ozone in the atmosphere
3
The ozone layer
4
Good Ozone vs. Bad Ozone
5
Ultraviolet protection by ozone
Less UV radiation reaches the surface because of
the ozone layer
Ozone absorbs UV light in the solar irradiation
that is harmful to life
6
Active Chlorine in Chlorofluorocarbons Destroy
Stratospheric Ozone
7
Mario Molina and Sherry Rowland Wrote a
Scientific Paper in 1974 Suggesting
1. Man-Made Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Would
not Be Destroyed in the Lower Atmosphere These
compounds were widely used in the since the 1950s
as refrigerants and aerosol spray propellants
and recent chemical analytical techniques had
since been developed showing growing
concentrations at the part per trillion (ppt,
10-12) Level 2. CFCs Would Drift to
Stratosphere where High-Energy Ultraviolet Rays
from the Sun Would Break the Molecules into
Reactive Chlorine 3. Reactive Chlorine Could
then Efficiently Destroy Ozone (10,000-100,000 O3
molecules per Cl atom)
8
Simplified Schematic of Stratospheric Chemistry
Relatively safe forms of Chlorine are present
Other species actively destroy ozone (Cl and ClO)

Polar Stratospheric Clouds convert safe Cl to
nasty Cl
PSCs require extremely cold temperatures to form
(below -90 C) Such cold temperatures found only
in Antarctic winter stratosphere
9
Most of the Chlorine in the Atmosphere is from
Anthropogenic Sources
Stratospheric Cl 4 ppbv in 1990s 0.6 ppbv
from natural sources
10
Ozone Loss Occurs Rapidly
11
The Ozone Hole is a Recent Phenomenon
12
Ozone Depletion Result of Excess Chlorine in the
Stratosphere
13
The Ozone Hole Varies in Size from Year to Year
2001
2002 Unusual Year when hole split apart early
2003 Largest Ozone Hole Ever Observed
Equinox
Size of Hole Varies Daily
Maximum Generally Occurs Shortly After Austral
Sunrise
14
Good Ozone vs. Bad Ozone
15
Ozone Pollution is Photochemically Generated from
Emissions that are Cooked in Sunlight
Where it can be seen locally
Measured by ground stations regionally
Sensed by satellites globally
16
Significant Increases Observed throughout Europe
during Latter Half of 20th Century
Observations from 1950/1960s
Observations from 1990s
Montsouris Measurement 1900
From Staehelin, et al., Atmos. Environ., 28,
75-87, 1994
17
Tropospheric Ozone is an Important Greenhouse Gas

Radiative Forcing from 1750 to 2000
IPCC, 2001
18
Seasonal Depictions of Tropospheric Ozone
SBUV Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TOR) DJF
1979-2000
SBUV Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TOR) MAM
1979-2000
SBUV Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TOR) SON
1979-2000
SBUV Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TOR) JJA
1979-2000
Integrated Tropospheric Ozone (Dobson Units)
Fishman et al. 2003, ACP, 3, 1453
19
Comparison of U.S. and Indian Air Pollution Using
Satellite Measurements
TOR and Surface O3 Depiction During July 3-15
Pollution Episode
July 1988
June 1982
20
Measurement of Ozone Precursors such as Nitrogen
Dioxide (NO2) on Aura will Provide Important
Information that Should Lead to a New
Understanding of the Origin and Distribution of
Global Ozone (Smog) Pollution
Tropospheric Ozone Residual (Jun-Aug Climatology)
Integrated Tropospheric Ozone (Dobson Units)
Fishman et al. 2003, ACP, 3, 1453
21
(No Transcript)
22
EOS AURA

• Launched July 15, 2004
• Science Questions
• Is the ozone layer recovering as expected?
• Climate change impacts
• Chlorine bromine from CFC replacements
• What are the processes controlling global and
  regional air quality?
• How is the Earths climate changing?

23
EOS AURA

• Orbit Polar 705 km, sun-synchronous, 98o
  inclination, ascending 145 PM /- 15 min.
  equator crossing time.
• Launch Vehicle Delta 7920 from VAFB
• AURA will follow AQUA in the same orbit by 15
  minutes.
• Mission design life of 5 years with operational
  goal of 6 years

MLS
HIRDLS
TES
OMI
24
Aura
Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate

• High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder
  (HIRDLSUSA/UK)
• Measures IR limb emission of stratospheric and
  upper tropospheric trace gases and aerosols
• Microwave Limb Sounder (MLSUSA)
• Measures microwave limb emission of ozone
  destroying chemicals and upper tropospheric trace
  gases
• Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES USA)
• Down looking and limb looking measurements of air
  pollution
• Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI
  Netherlands/Finland)
• Measures column ozone and aerosols - continues
  global ozone record of TOMS

Direction of motion
MLS
HIRDLS
TES limb
TES nadir
OMI
25
GLOBE Surface Ozone Protocol
K-12 Education Project
NASA Langley Research Center
Jack Fishman, Irene Ladd, Margaret Pippin, Russ
DeYoung, Linda Bush (Knox College)
Train Students and Teachers
Develop Simple Ozone Measurement Capability for
Classroom
Develop Education Materials to Introduce Students
to Atmospheric Chemistry and Ozone
Adopted for Aura EPO Part of Outreach Display
at Smithsonian
26
OMI

• Ozone Monitoring Instrument
• Nadir solar backscatter spectrometer
• 270-500 nm
• 13x24 km footprint
• Swath width 2600 km
• Radicals Column O3, NO2, BrO, OClO,
• O3 profile 5 km resolution, HCHO
• Tracers Column SO2
• Aerosols (smoke, dust and sulfates)
• Cloud top press., cloud coverage
• Surface UVB
• Tropospheric ozone residual
• (when combined with MLS or HIRDLS)

27
Science Strategy What are the sources of
tropospheric pollutants?

• Input
• Measurement of tropospheric
• ozone and constituents that control
• tropospheric ozone
• TES O3, CO, CH4, HNO3
• OMI Column O3, NO2, BrO,
• Aerosols
• HIRDLS UTLS H2O, HNO3, O3,
• transport from stratosphere
• MLS UTLS CO, O3 and H2O
• Residual Trop. Ozone using OMI MLS, HIRDLS
• Outcome
• New global trace gas measurements will help
  constrain/improve air quality aerosol models
  for different polluted environments
• Aura data can be used to provide near-real time
  air quality estimates and forecasts
• Aura data can be used to quantify sources/sinks
  of pollutants

GOME total column NO2 Courtesy of KNMI
28
Inter-satellite/balloon Network Validation

• A significant amount of validation data will come
  from other satellites (especially for the
  stratosphere) and existing balloon networks (with
  augmentation)
• Collecting and archiving this data for validation
  effort does not require development of new
  measurement capabilities
• This effort does require the development of a
  data center to
• Create a measurement data base for aircraft GB
  data
• Consolidate satellite and balloon data sources
• This effort does not being duplicated by the NASA
  DAACs or other archives
• Requirements
• Access and archiving relevant level 2 data sets
  from other satellite sources
• Access and archival of ozonesonde and water vapor
  sonde data
• Development of data base tools, HDF tools, and
  web based data access
• Hosting mission planning, data conversion, and
  overpass location software

NASA DAAC Data Subsets

Aura Correlative Data Center
Non NASA Mission Data
Pointers
Other data archives
Happy Scientists
29
The Hole Was Less Pronounced Two Decades Ago
October 1980
October 1998
30
Ozone Has Increased Considerably Since the Turn
of the Last Century (in Europe)
From Marenco et al. (1994)
31
Atmospheric Chemists Are We Chemists or Are We
Meteorologists?
Prior to 1995, We Were Second Class Citizens in
Both Professions and Got no Respect
But then .
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded
the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Paul
Crutzen, Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland
for their work in atmospheric chemistry,
particularly concerning the formation and
decomposition of ozone.
32
Why Are We Interested in Surface Ozone?

• Breathing ozone can cause lung damage

Inflamed Lung Tissue Lining After Exposure to
Ozone
Healthy Lung Tissue Lining

• Ozone impacts crop production
• - Cost estimate 1-5 Billion during growing
  season

33
Ozone is Generated from Emissions that are then
Cooked in Sunlight
Highest in NH Summer Smog Season

Integrated Tropospheric Ozone (Dobson Units)
Highest in SH Spring Biomass Burning Season
34
Existing Satellite Tropospheric Column
Measurements
Present state Large footprints (spatial
resolution) Once daily at best (temporal
resolution) Total column (vertical
resolution) Tropospheric column is calculated
using multiple types of measurements.
O3
SO2
NO2
HCHO
CO