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EQUUS

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Buckskin. Equine Coat Color Genetics ... Black, Red, Buckskin, Palomino, Cremello ... Bay is diluted to yellow with black points producing a buckskin dun. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: EQUUS


1
2003
9152
8171
51120
160980
11050
14298
37000
2
Color Breeds
  • Palomino
  • Buckskin

3
Equine Coat Color Genetics
  • Price differences for horses of various colors
    have created a demand for knowledge about color
    genetics
  • Coat color is determined by a combination of
    several genes

4
Gene W
  • Unable to form pigment in skin and hair
  • Overrides all other color genes
  • WW lethal, dies in early pregnancy
  • Ww pink skin, white hair, brown or blue eyes
    (albino)
  • ww allows expression of other color genes

5
Gene G
  • Causes horses to be gray
  • Progressive graying, any color at birth
  • Original skin and eye pigment maintained
  • GG becomes gray
  • Gg same as GG
  • gg no graying

6
Gene E
  • Controls black hair
  • EE ability to form black skin and hair
  • Ee same as EE
  • ee red hair (chestnut, sorrel), black skin

7
Gene A
  • Controls distribution of black hair
  • Affects only EE and Ee
  • AA black at points (mane, tail, legs)
  • Aa same as AA
  • aa black over entire body

8
Gene C
  • Cream gene
  • Causes pigment dilution
  • Incomplete dominance
  • CC red and black diluted to pale cream
  • Cc red diluted to yellow
  • cc full pigment according to other genes

9
Equine Coat Color Genetics
White Ww -- -- -- --
Gray GG/Gg -- -- -- --
10
Bay EE/Ee, AA/Aa, cc, ww, gg
Black EE/Ee, aa, cc, ww, gg
Red (Sorrel) ee, aa, cc, ww, gg
11
Buckskin EE/Ee, AA/Aa, Cc, ww, gg
Palomino ee, AA/Aa/aa, Cc, ww, gg
Cremello CC -- -- -- --
12
Equine Coat Color Genetics
  • White X White? Ww -- -- -- --
  • 25 dead, 50 White, 25 any color
  • Red X Red? ee, aa, cc, ww, gg
  • 100 Red
  • Buckskin X Buckskin? EE/Ee, AA/Aa, Cc, ww, gg
  • Bay, Black, Red, Buckskin, Palomino, Cremello

13
Equine Coat Color Genetics
  • http//www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/7Elvmillon/coatcolor/c
    oatclr3.html

14
  • 5) Dun/Not Dun (D and d)
  • D Dilutes pigment to dun variation (Affects
    black and red pigment).
  • dd Doesnt allow dilution.
  • In horses carrying the dominant D allele
  • Red is diluted to pinkish-red with dark points
    producing a red dun.

15
  • Bay is diluted to yellow with black points
    producing a buckskin dun.
  • Black is diluted to mouse-gray with black points
    producing a grulla.

16
  • 6) Roan/Not Roan (RN and rn)
  • RN Produces a roan.
  • rn Doesnt allow roaning.
  • Horses with a mixture of white and dark hairs on
    the body and dark heads, manes and tails.
  • Red Roan (ee, RN) Blue Roan (E, aa, RN)

17
Reproduction
  • Horses are a model of reproductive inefficiency
  • Puberty
  • Estrus Detection
  • Mating
  • Breeding Season
  • Foaling

18
Puberty
  • Fillies _at_ 12-15months
  • breed at 2yrs
  • Colts ready for breeding at 2yrs
  • No known effect of subjecting fillies to stallions

19
Estrus Detection
  • Relaxation of external genitalia
  • Frequent urination
  • Watery mucous discharge
  • receptiveness to stallion
  • teasing

20
Estrous Cycle
  • Cycles are 21-23 days long
  • Estrus is 3-7 days long
  • Ovulation can occur anywhere from one day before
    to one day after the end of estrus
  • No way of predicting the length of estrus

21
Estrus Detection
  • Ovulation nearing
  • Palpation and ultrasound are the most valuable
    tools for detection
  • Both are used to check size of follicle
  • Avg 4.5cm follicle single ovulation

22
Breeding
  • Natural and A.I. usually done every other day
    once palpable follicle is detected or 3rd day
  • Best if sperm deposited within 12 hrs of
    ovulation.

23
Breeding
  • Would this be a problem in the wild??
  • Mate every day the mare is in estrus
  • One source of created inefficiency

24
Figure 2115  Mare seasonality. (Source Slusher
et al., 1998, p. 3974.1. Used with permission.)
25
Breeding Season
  • Cycles in mares controlled by daylength
  • Breeding season lasts from Early Spring until
    Late Summer
  • How long is gestation?
  • 336 days
  • When do mares recycle after foaling?

26
Postpartum Anestrus
  • Foal Heat when?
  • 7-10 days after foaling
  • Can they get pregnant?
  • What are benefits/risks
  • Benefits pregnant for next year
  • Risks early embryonic mortality
  • Later term abortions
  • Gamble breed here or wait to later heat
  • Risks of waiting?
  • May move into seasonal anestrus wait till next
    year

27
Artificial Lighting
  • Use to extend breeding season
  • Can be done with a regular 100 watt bulb
  • 16 hrs
  • 60-80 days prior to normal cycle

28
Foaling
  • Pre-foaling measures
  • Watch teats for waxing
  • sinking in of haunches relaxin
  • safe, quiet, place to foal
  • mares may become colicky

29
Stage 1
  • begins with the onset of contractions
  • lasts 1-2 hours
  • foal moving into position
  • ends when the water breaks

30
Stage 2
  • actual expulsion of the foal
  • 30 minutes or less
  • normal foal presentation
  • mare may stand up or lie
  • down

31
Stage 3
  • afterbirth is expelled
  • 1-3 hours
  • over 3 hours could lead to infection

32
Health Management
  • Common diseases
  • equine encephalitis (aka. sleeping sickness)
  • viral annual vaccination
  • influenza
  • viral show horses
  • Strangles (distemper)
  • bacterial highly contagious vaccinate rarely
    fatal
  • equine infectious anemia (aka. swamp fever)
  • no treatment Coggins test required for
    show/sale
  • If positive, 2 choices in OH destroy horse or
    maintain 150 yards from other horses freeze
    branded A

33
West Nile Virus
  • First case reported in the Western Hemisphere in
    1999
  • Vector Mosquitos
  • Effects mainly birds, horses and humans
  • Encephalitis

34
Rhinopneumonitis
  • Virus, can vaccinate
  • Causes abortions in pregnant mares
  • Neurological strain occurred at University of
    Findley
  • Horses develop symptoms quickly cannot hold
    themselves up--are placed in slings
  • 10 of the Findley horses died

35
Horses in the USA
  • Horse Numbers in the US
  • 1920s
  • 26 million Horses
  • Used for Transportation and Farming
  • 1960s
  • 3 million horses
  • Present Day
  • 6.9 million Horses-Mostly used for Pleasure,
    Showing and Racing

36
Impact of the Horse Industry

37
The Ohio Horse Industry
  • Economic Impact-2.8 billion
  • Total Horses 192,000
  • Racing 40,000 major race close to Columbus?
  • Showing 66,000
  • Recreational 68,000
  • Other 17,000

38
The Ohio Horse Industry
  • American Quarter Horse Industry
  • 52,755 Quarter Horses
  • 62 shows/year with an average of 655 entries
  • Two Top 5 Special Event Shows
  • All-American Quarter Horse Congress
  • Top AQHA Show in total entries
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