The Darwinian Influence and

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Chapter 10 The Darwinian Influence and the Rise
of Mental Testing
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1744-1829
1. Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Jean Lamarck
1820-1903
1. Evolutionary associationism 2.
Spencer-Bain principle 3. Social Darwinism
4. Purposive mechanism of perfection
Herbert Spencer
1809-1882
1. The voyage of the Beagle 2. Three pillars
Malthusian Thesis, variation, natural selection
3. Alfred Russel Wallace 4. On the Origin of the
Species(1859) 5. The Descent of Man (1874)
6. The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals
(1872) 7. Sociobiology
Charles Darwin
1822-1911
1. Exploring, travel, mapmaking, fingerprints
2. Measurement of intelligence 3. Eugenics 4.
Variance and correlation 4. Nature-nurture
controversy 5. Anthropometry 6. Karl Pearson
(1857-1936) 7. Regression toward the mean
Francis Galton
1860-1944
1. Worked with Wundt, interest in individual
differences 2. Correspondence led to working with
Galton at Cambridge
James McKean Cattell
1. Began with Charcot 2. Individual differences
3. With Theodore Simon 4. 1905 Binet-Simon Scale
5. William Sterns IQ (1911)
1857-1911
Alfred Binet
1863-1945
1. General intelligence 2. Factor analysis 3.
Cyril Burt (1885-1971)
Charles Spearman
1866-1957
1. Study of Kallikak family 2. Mental testing
and immigration
Henry Herbert Goddard
1877-1956
1. Stanford-Binet tests 2. Genetic Studies of
Genius (1926)
Louis M. Terman
1886-1939
1. Nurture side of debate 2. Columbia w.
Thorndike 4. Gifted Children (1926), Children
Above 180 IQ (1942)
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
1876-1956
1. APA Pres in 1917 2. Army alpha and beta
tests 3. Yerkes primate laboratory
Robert Yerkes
1900
1875
1850
1825
1800
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• Given the fact that rudimentary theories of
  evolution go back at least as far as the early
  Greeks, why did it take until the 10th century
  for adequate theories of evolution to develop?
  269
• Summarize Lamarcks theory of evolution. 269-270
• Describe Spencers social Darwinism and explain
  why it was so popular in the United States.
  271-272
• What is the Spencer-Bain principle? 271
• What were the ironies concerning Darwins voyage
  aboard the Beagle? 274
• Why did Darwin delay publication of his theory
  for so long? What finally prompted him to publish
  it? 274
• Summarize Darwins theory of evolution. 275
• Compare Darwins concept of fitness with the
  sociobiologists concept of inclusive fitness What
  are the implications of the difference between
  the two concepts for the explanation of human and
  social behavior? (E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology,
  The New Synthesis (1975).) 276-277
• How did Galton support his argument that eugenics
  should be practices? 278-279
• Explain why Galtons measures of intelligence
  were mainly sensory in nature. 278
• Summarize Galtons contributions to psychology.
  278-279
• Describe Cattells approach to intelligence
  testing and explain why that approach was
  eventually abandoned. 281-283
• In what ways did Binets approach to intelligence
  testing differ from Galtons and Cattells?
  285-286
• Describe the 1905 Binet-Simon scale of
  intelligence. How was the scale revised in 1908?
  In 1911? 285-286
• What procedure did Stern suggest for reporting a
  persons intelligence? Why did Binet oppose this
  procedure? 287

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• What did Binet mean by mental orthopedics? Why
  did Binet believe that such exercises were
  valuable? 287
• Summarize Spearmans view of intelligence. 288
• What was the Burt scandal? In what way did it
  reflect the age-old controversy concerning nature
  versus nurture? Were the issues involved
  scientific or political? (Herrnstrin and Murrays
  The Bell Curve, 1994) 289
• What conclusions did Goddard reach when he
  administered the Binet-Simon scale to school
  children in the United States? 290
• What procedures did Goddard suggest for stopping
  the deterioration of intelligence in the United
  States? In suggesting these procedures, what
  assumption did he make? 291
• Summarize the conclusions Goddard reached when he
  traced the ancestry of Deborah Kallikak. 291
• Did Goddard cause many immigrants to be
  unjustifiable deported? Justify your answer. 291
  rt col
• In what important way did Terman modify the
  Binet-Simon scale? 292 (Kyle Hansen comment)
• What prompted Termans longitudinal study of
  gifted individuals? Summarize the results of that
  study. 293-294
• Summarize Leta Stetter Hollingworths
  contributions to psychology. 295-296
• How did Yerkes suggest that psychologists help in
  the war effort? Was the effort that resulted from
  this suggestion a success or a failure? 297-298
• What arguments were offered in opposition to the
  contention that intelligence tests were measuring
  innate intelligence?
• In what way was the controversy surrounding the
  publication of The Bell Curve the same as that
  surrounding the Burt scandal? 299
• Where do most psychologists today stand on the
  nature-nurture question as it applies to
  intelligence? 300

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