Early Diagnosis, Explanation,

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Chapter 15 Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and
Treatment of Mental Illness
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1487
Malleus Maleficarum
1492-1541
Philippus Paracelsus
1486-1535
Cornelius Agrippa
Sir James Frazier, The Golden Bough (1974)
sympathetic magic homeopathic contagious
1515-1588
The Deception of Demons (1563)
Johann Weyer
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
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Reform and Early Psychiatry
1745-1826
1. Followed Joseph Daquin Philosophy of Madness
(1793) 2. Director of Bicetre Asylum (1793) 3.
A Treatise on Insanity (1801)
Philippe Pinel
1745-1813
1. First U.S. psychiatrist 2. Inquiries and
Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind (1812)
3. Signer of Declaration of Independence 4.
Friend of Jefferson, John Adams, surgeon general
of the army under Washington
Benjamin Rush
1802-1887
1. 40 year campaign, improve plight of mentally
ill (hospitalization 15 to 70 by 1890) 2.
Civil war superintendent of women nurses
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Development
Psychological vs Medical Model Thomas Szasz, The
Myth of Mental Illness (1974)
1856-1926
1. Studied with Wundt 2. List of mental
disorders in 1883 so thorough used world-wide
until present 3. Categories dementia praecox,
paranoia, manic depression, neurosis, Alzheimers
(b1864) disease 4. DSM4 based upon his categories.
Emil Kraepelin
1867-1956
1. Studied with Cattell, PhD under Wundt 2. U
of Pennsylvania for 40 years 3. Charter member
of the APA 4. Practical Work in Psychology
(1896) 5. Founded first psychology clinic
(1896),coined that term 6. Psychological Clinic
journal (1907) 7. Named the profession clinical
psychology
Lightner Witmer
Hypnosis
1734-1815
1. MD in 1766 from University of Vienna, On the
Influence of the Planets, animal gravitation
2. Dispute with Father Hell 3. Fame spread in
France 4. 1784 commission to objectively
investigate
Franz Mesmer
Others followed 1. Marquis de Puysegur
(1751-1825), artificial somnambulism,
posthypnotic suggestion, posthypnotic amnesia 2.
John Elliotson (1791-1868), James Esdaile
(1808-1859, British), James Braid (1795-1860,
Scottish)
The Nancy School 1. Ambroise-Auguste Liebeault
(1823-1904), founder 2. Hippolyte Bernheim
(1840-1919), major spokesman 3. Saw hypnosis as
normal
Charcots Influence 1. Jean-Martin Charcot
(1825-1893), flamboyant brilliant, list of many
impressive accomplishments 2. Held that
hypnotizability was evidence of hysteria
(hereditary neuro degeneration), in conflict with
Nancy School (admitted his error near end of
life) 3. Pierre Janet (1859-1947), Charcots
student, dissociation
1900
1850
1800
1750
1700
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• What is mental illness? In your answer, include
  the criteria that have been used throughout
  history to define mental illness. 446-447
• Summarize the medical, psychological, and
  supernatural models of mental illness and give an
  example of each. 447-448
• What, if anything, do all versions of
  psychotherapy have in common?
• Describe what therapy would be like if it were
  based on the psychological model of mental
  illness, on the supernatural model, and on the
  biological model. 448-451
• Define and give an example of homeopathic and
  contagious magic. 449
• How did Hippocrates define health and illness?
  What treatments did he prescribe for helping his
  patients regain health? 451
• When did Witch-hunting reach its peak in Europe?
  How did the publishing of the Malleus
  Maleficarium facilitate withc-hunting? What were
  some of the sings taken as proof that a person
  was a witch or was bewitched? Why was it assumed
  that women were more likely to be witches or
  bewitched than men? 452-453
• In what ways did individuals such as Paracelsus,
  Agrippa, Weyer, Scot, and Plater improve the
  plight of the mentally ill? 454-455
• What significance did Pinel have in the history
  of the treatment of the mentally ill? Rush? Dix?
  455-457
• Why was Kraepelins listing of the various mental
  disorders seen as something both positive and
  negative? 458-459
• Summarize the reasons Witmer is considered the
  founder of clinical psychology. 459-460
• Describe and give an example exemplifying the
  tension between explanations of mental illness
  based on the medical model and those based on the
  psychological model. 461-462

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• Why does Szasz refer to mental illness as a myth?
  Why does he feel that labeling someone as
  mentally ill may be doing him or her a
  disservice? 461-462
• According to Mesmer, what causes mental and
  physical illness? What procedures did Mesmer use
  to cure such illnesses? What was Mesmers fate?
  463-464
• In what way could Mesmers techniques be
  considered an improvement over other techniques
  of treating mental illness that existed at the
  time? 462-464
• What major phenomena did Puysegur observe during
  his research on somnambulism? 464-465
• Describe the debate that occurred between members
  of the Nancy School and Charcot and his
  colleagues over hypnotizability. Who finally won
  the debate? 467
• Summarize the theory that Charcot proposed to
  explain hysteria and hypnotic phenomena. 467

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End